Saturday, December 28, 2019

The Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne - 977 Words

Surveillance can be considered the act of being watched under a close eye and can have either a positive or negative effect on a person. Some individuals feel more at ease knowing that someone is always there watching which is to create a supposedly safe environment. Others feel pressure from society or their peers to live up to their respected positions and morals of the society, much like Dimmesdale, which causes extreme paranoia. In The Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne, Dimmesdale is an example that demonstrates negative effects that surveillance can have on a person. In the romance, Dimmesdale is faced with both his own surveillance and Chillingworth’s surveillance. However, Dimmesdale’s own scrutiny causes more damage to himself than Chillingworth’s does. Dimmesdale is the minster of the town, which means that he has several responsibilities and he is surrounded by the idea that he should live without sin to be an exemplar of the town. This creates pre ssure for Dimmesdale because he understands the severity of the sin he has committed. He feels like a failure to his followers and that he is unfit to be the minster anymore and that his life has no more meaning since he betrayed God. The narrator states â€Å"†¦on a pedestal of shame, yet better were it so, than to hide a guilty heart through life. What can thy silence do for him, except it tempt him†¦Ã¢â‚¬ , which is exactly what Dimmesdale did. He refused to confess when Hester was on the scaffold which left him to hide isShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1242 Words   |  5 PagesLYS PAUL Modern Literature Ms. Gordon The Scarlet Letter The scarlet letter is book written by Nathaniel Hawthorne who is known as one the most studied writers because of his use of allegory and symbolism. He was born on July 4, 1804 in the family of Nathaniel, his father, and Elizabeth Clark Hathorne his mother. Nathaniel added â€Å"W† to his name to distance himself from the side of the family. His father Nathaniel, was a sea captain, and died in 1808 with a yellow fever while at sea. That was aRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne960 Words   |  4 Pages3H 13 August 2014 The novel, The Scarlet Letter, was written by the author Nathaniel Hawthorne and was published in 1850 (1). It is a story about the Puritan settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, set around 1650 (2). The story is written in the third person with the narrator being the author. The common thread that runs through this novel is Hawthorne’s apparent understanding of the beliefs and culture of the Puritans in America at that time. But Hawthorne is writing about events in a societyRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne919 Words   |  4 Pagessymbolism in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†. Symbolism is when an object is used in place of a different object. Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most symbolic writers in all of American history. In â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the letter â€Å"A† is used to symbolize a variety of different concepts. The three major symbolistic ideas that the letter â€Å"A† represents in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter† are; shame, guilt, and ability. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, the firstRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1397 Words   |  6 PagesFebruary 2016 The Scarlet Letter was written by Nathaniel Hawthorne in 1850 which is based on the time frame of the Puritans, a religious group who arrived in Massachusetts in the 1630’s. The Puritans were in a religious period that was known for the strict social norms in which lead to the intolerance of different lifestyles. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses the puritan’s strict lifestyles to relate to the universal issues among us. The time frame of the puritans resulted in Hawthorne eventually thinkingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne999 Words   |  4 Pages Nathaniel Hawthorne is the author of the prodigious book entitled The Scarlet Letter. In The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne commits adultery with Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale. Her husband, Roger Chillingworth, soon finds out about the incident after it becomes clear that she is pregnant. The whole town finds out and Hester is tried and punished. Meanwhile, Roger Chillingworth goes out then on a mission to get revenge by becoming a doctor and misprescribing Dimmesdale. He does this to torture DimmesdaleRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, by Nathaniel Hawthorne1037 Words   |  5 Pagesthat human nature knows right from wrong, but is naturally evil and that no man is entirely â€Å"good†. Nathaniel Hawthorne, author of the classic novel The Scarlet Letter, believes that every man is innately good and Hawthorne shows that everyone has a natural good side by Hester’s complex character, Chillingworth’s actions and Dimmesdale’s selfless personality. At the beginning of the Scarlet Letter Hester Prynne is labeled as the â€Å"bad guy†. The townspeople demand the other adulterer’s name, butRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1517 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne composes Pearl as a powerful character even though she is not the main one. Her actions not only represent what she is as a person, but what other characters are and what their actions are. Hawthorne makes Pearl the character that helps readers understand what the other characters are. She fits perfectly into every scene she is mentioned in because of the way her identity and personality is. Pearl grows throughout the book, which in the end, help the readers better understandRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter, By Nathaniel Hawthorne1488 Words   |  6 Pages In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s novel The Scarlet Letter, the main character, Hester Prynne, is a true contemporary of the modern era, being cast into 17th century Puritan Boston, Massachusetts. The Scarlet Letter is a revolutionary novel by Nathaniel Hawthorne examining the ugliness, complexity, and strength of the human spirit and character that shares new ideas about independence and the struggles women faced in 17th century America. Throughout the novel, Hester’s refusal to remove the scarlet letterRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1319 Words   |  6 PagesPrynne and Arthur Dimmesdale are subject to this very notion in Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter. Hester simply accepted that what she had done was wrong, whereas Dimmesdale, being a man of high regard, did not want to accept the reality of what he did. Similar to Hester and Dimmesdale, Roger Chillingworth allows his emotions to influence his life; however, his influence came as the result of hi s anger. Throughout the book, Hawthorne documents how Dimmesdale and Hester s different ways of dealingRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1714 Words   |  7 PagesSome two hundred years following the course of events in the infamous and rigid Puritan Massachusetts Colony in the 1600s, Nathaniel Hawthorne, descendant of a Puritan magistrate, in the 19th century, published The Scarlet Letter. Wherein such work, Hawthorne offered a social critique against 17th Massachusetts through the use of complex and dynamic characters and literary Romanticism to shed light on said society’s inherent contradiction to natural order and natural law. In his conclusive statements

Thursday, December 19, 2019

Essay on Perceptions of Mental Illness in Girl Interrupted

The portrayal of people being sickly creatures has been used in Hollywood film for a very long time. This has been in the endeavor of putting the viewing public in the shoes of the patient and entertain them with over the top portrayals of disease. For patients that are women in particular this has been achieved by defining them along the lines of vague terms such as them being over emotional and unstable. Despite the advancement experienced by the society, women have not yet fully seen the goal of equality realize fruition. With the expansion of the psychiatric and psychological terminologies, there now additional ways via which mental illness can be ascribed as a weakness for men and women portrayed in Hollywood film. This is best†¦show more content†¦Simply, it leaves a bad impression of sorts. The film is based on a rich memoir by Susanna Kaysen. It depicts the suffering of a fictional character referred to as Susanna. The film does not primarily give focus on true hospi tal course during the recovery process of the fictional character. Much of the focus is on the characters recovering without the aid of the hospital or staff. It is depicted as a road of self discovery and not very realistic for the conditions ascribed the characters. Recovery of an individual suffering from a mental ailment takes time and proper guidance coupled with proper coordination of counseling, medications and familial support. As such, the film provides a decent exploration of mental illness but not realistic. Though in my opinion it does portray the little resources available to women during the day in age depicted the effectiveness of the society’s mental health care system. There are some key, unique approaches to mental illness that have been inculcated into the theme of the film. One of these, and most probably the most potent, is the issue of questioning the true existence of mental illness. On repeated occasions, Susanna questions the true validity of her diag nosis. Even at the end of the film, she still questions the effectiveness of her treatmentShow MoreRelatedThe Lines Between Sanity And Insanity1064 Words   |  5 Pagescommonly tested in young adult literature. Shown to be entirely based on individual perception, sanity or insanity attempt to form a reflection of the characters’ personalities. In society, as shown in the novels, people are often too quick to write off nonconformist as crazy or insane. Girl, Interrupted and One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest both illustrate how society’s stern view cause them to treat mental illness unethically and take away from individualism. Minds may be altered through prescribedRead MoreBasic Theories and Techniques of Abnormal Psychology1743 Words   |  7 Pagesaffects the behavior of a person, as opposed to the difference between normal and abnormal behavior. There are different perspectives involved in the field of psychological disorders, and this forms the basis for the treatment or action taken by the mental health professionals in understanding the patient. These theories of approach used focus on several aspects. The first and foremost approach that is enforced focuses on the behavioral changes of the client (Butcher, Mineka Hooley, 2011). In thisRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Girl Interrupted 1252 Words   |  6 PagesGirl, Interrupted is a captivating and striking film about the struggle of coming to terms with mental health and overcoming personal obstacles to allow treatment and support. While the main character Susanna Kaysen stays in the Claymoore psychiatric hospital, she is introduced to a whole new world, one where she is forced to confront the fact that she has a mental illness and needs professional help. The film begins with Susanna and the other girls from the hospital sitting in somber silenceRead MoreBorderline Personality Disorder1206 Words   |  5 PagesMental illnesses can affect a wide range of people and they do not discriminate. This is shown in the movie, â€Å"Girl, Interrupted,† which was directed by James Mangold. The movie is based on the memoir by Susanna Kaysen. Susanna Kaysen was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder and spent a period of eighteen months in a psychiatric facility. The movie is based in a mental hospital, in the east, during the 1960s. After the main character, Susanna, attempts suicide, she admits herself intoRead MoreGirl Interrupted Essay example600 Words   |  3 PagesGirl, Interrupted Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a serious psychiatric illness. People that are diagnosed with this disorder suffer from an intense pattern of affective instability, extreme difficulties in interpersonal relationships, problems with behavioral or impulse control, and disrupted cognitive processes. The estimated prevalence of BPD in the general adult population is about 2%, mostly affecting young women. Susanna Kaysen was born on November 11, 1948 in Cambridge, MassachusettsRead MoreI Watched The Film Girl, Interrupted Starring Winona Ryder And Angelina Jolie Essay1689 Words   |  7 Pages1 A: I watched the film Girl, Interrupted starring Winona Ryder and Angelina Jolie. The film is based on a true story of a young woman with borderline personality disorder named Susana Kaysen. Following a suicide attempt, Susana admits herself into a psychiatric hospital with the encouragement of a mental health professional. Throughout the film, when Susana describes what she experiences psychologically, as well as flashbacks to her previous life in a detached and sulked tone –emphasizing the detachmentRead MoreAnalysis of Girl Interrupted2171 Words   |  9 PagesMovie Analysis: Girl, Interrupted. Brittany Clontz Nursing 114 Girl interrupted is a gripping tale of a girl’s maladaptation to the challenges of life. The movie focuses on a young girl named Suzanna Kaysen growing up in the 1960s and struggling with the world around her. Suzanna is admitted to Clarmoore institution after she consumes a whole bottle of aspirin and alcohol to deal with her pain. When admitted to Clarmoore she claims she was not trying to commit suicide, but that she just had a headacheRead MoreThe Movie Girl, Interrupted1281 Words   |  6 PagesThe movie Girl, Interrupted focuses on the character Susanna Kaysen along with other girls who have an array of mental disorders. These women all reside at the Claymoore Mental Health Facility. For instance, Daisy was sexually abused by her father and has serious eating issues, also known as a compulsive eating disorder. Daisy binges on rotisserie chicken from her father’s shop, in the privacy of here room. She feels uncomfortable eating in front of others. Lisa, who seems to be the leader of theRead MoreReflection Paper: Girl, Interrupted1091 Words   |  5 PagesReflection Paper: â€Å"Girl, Interrupted† 1. Based on the movie and real life, do you think we need other people to help us understand and solve our problems? Why or why not? Absolutely. Without the presence of other people, there would be no social point of reference as to what would be considered â€Å"normal†. In order for an abnormality to exist, be it physical or psychological, there must be a widely accepted concept of â€Å"normalcy†. If a certain individual is said to be suffering a problem (in thisRead MoreReflection Paper: Girl, Interrupted1076 Words   |  5 PagesPaper: â€Å"Girl, Interrupted† 1. Based on the movie and real life, do you think we need other people to help us understand and solve our problems? Why or why not? Absolutely. Without the presence of other people, there would be no social point of reference as to what would be considered â€Å"normal†. In order for an abnormality to exist, be it physical or psychological, there must be a widely accepted concept of â€Å"normalcy†. If a certain individual is said to be suffering a problem (in this case, mental or

Wednesday, December 11, 2019

The Great Cat Massacre-Free-Samples for Students-Free-Samples

Question: How Does Darntons Discussion Of The Cat Massacre Exemplify His Exploration Of History In An Ethnographic Grain? What Does It Suggest More Generally About What Cultural History Is And How To Do It? Answer: The great cat massacre The starting of the modern age is marked by many scholars as the date when the printing revolution happened, and people started printing books. The Renaissance which gave rise to the age of logic reasoning and questioning, allowed men to understand things far beyond what they already have known for all these days. However, after the printing revolution had happened there were many entrepreneurs who were rich and took up printing as the business, the people who were working in these printing shops, were invariably discriminated and tortured by their owners as was the standard practice in the middle ages[1]. These workers were not given basic facilities for life and very little to survive on. The cats of the wives of the printing shop owners used to get better food to eat and lead a better life than the workers[2]. The workers had to eat the food which even the cats would not eat. However, as an irony the cats outside were considered as the representatives of the Devil and were hated by most of the people. In the narrative of Nicolas Contant who used to work in the printing shop of Jacques Vincent, has stated how the cats from the roads, who used to howl, were smashed by sticks, the half dead cats were brought together in a place, and it was pronounced that the cats were guilty of witchcraft and hence they were hung from the ceiling. However, when the wife of the shop owner screamed thinking it was her cat, she was told by the workers that it is not her cat and they have deep regard for their cat. The difference of the cats on road and the cat owned by the wife of the owner of the shop is the irony that reflected in the society as well. The worker class of men and who were not strong enough economically and politically were discriminated in many ways and the higher and lower strata of the people were celebrated by carnivals in which there were all immoral and discriminating practices followed. Cats played one of the most important roles in these carnivals where they were brought put into a container and burnt alive, which signified the killing of the power of the devil. The workers working with these printers lead a life so miserable that they have to laugh at the expense of each other. Usually a person is made the butt of practical jokes on whom all kinds of tricks are applied in order to generate some laughter among the workers. Ethnography is the study of people from different cultures and the differences in their customs and practices. In this essay the ethnographic difference lies in the fact that the social strata were divided into two very distinct section, the powerful section who had power and money and the section on whom they exerted their control[3]. This was the situation in all the regions of Europe especially before the period of industrialization when there was need of manual labor to a large extent[4]. The workers had no recognized rights and their life as portrayed in this essay was worse than the pets of their owners. They had an inferiority complex from even the cats who used to be pampered and hence there were plans to eliminate these cats just to have that inhumane satisfaction because mentally these workers were depressed and denied of their basic human rights. Another cultural difference that is very evident from the reading is, when the cats were killed that was a point of laughter and amusement for the workers of that time. However, in todays times it gives shivers to the reader to read such horrific accounts of animal cruelty. This is because in those days superstition made people believe that the cats were directly representatives of the devil[5], and apart from that the torture that the workers had to go through everyday made them inhuman and unstable in mind, and removed basic human qualities such as kindness and compassion. Therefore, they found it amusing that the cats which were witches were killed and burnt alive, or smashed and hanged. However, in todays times with awareness and education people have come to believe that compassion should be shown to all living beings, and they will find the narrative too much disturbing. The cats were believed to be form of witches, and women usually had sexualized and objectified position in the society which made the cats sexualized and related to witchcraft. The sexual slangs related to cats are still prevalent these days, The historian Robert Darnton who specialized in French history had expertly through this account has explained the degrading situation of the social order of the early 18th Century through the narration of the workers References: Darnton, R. (2009).The great cat massacre: And other episodes in French cultural history. Basic Books. Engels, D. W. (2015).Classical cats: the rise and fall of the sacred cat. Routledge. Erickson, P. A., Murphy, L. D. (Eds.). (2013).Readings for a history of anthropological theory. University of Toronto Press. Floud, R., Humphries, J., Johnson, P. (Eds.). (2014).The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain: Volume 1, Industrialisation, 17001870. Cambridge University Press. Walker, B. L. (2013). Animals and the Intimacy of History.History and Theory,52(4), 45-67 Darnton, R. (2009). The great cat massacre: And other episodes in French cultural history. Basic Books. Walker, B. L. (2013). Animals and the Intimacy of History.History and Theory,52(4), 45-67. Erickson, P. A., Murphy, L. D. (Eds.). (2013). Readings for a history of anthropological theory. University of Toronto Press. Floud, R., Humphries, J., Johnson, P. (Eds.). (2014). The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain: Volume 1, Industrialisation, 17001870. Cambridge University Press. Engels, D. W. (2015).Classical cats: the rise and fall of the sacred cat. Routledge

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

Rhetoric Of Protest Songs Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s

Rhetoric Of Protest Songs Rhetoric of the protest songs has a very extensive history. The oldest protest song on record is The Cutty Wren from the Peasants' Revolt of 1381 against feudal oppression, nearly six hundred years ago (Songs of Work and Protest 9). Protest music has developed over the years and has made its presence in history. The protest music of Vietnam War is the concentration of this paper. The two main artists of focus are Bob Dylan and John Lennon. Their songs will be analyzed and criticized naritively. Bob Dylan was one of the most influential musicians of the time. Dylan was born in the fine town of Duluth, Minnesota on May 24, 1941. He grew up in Hibbing, My life in a stolen minute, Dylan wrote, Hibbing's a good ol' town. I ran away from it when I was ten, twelve, thirteen, fifteen, fifteen and a half, seventeen an' eighteen. I been caught an' brought back all but once.(Dylan Songs 12). He taught himself how to play the guitar, piano, autoharp, and harmonica. Throughout his experiences he absorbed many different styles of music. Open up your eyes an' ears an' yer influenced an' there's nothing you can do about it . . . I just seem to draw into myself whatever comes my way and it comes out me.(12) He graduated from high school in Hibbing and attended the University of Minnesota for about six months than left for New York and began writing comical-satirical talking blues songs. Next, he moved into a deeper view, of the world through his protest music. Later in his career he entered the integration movement with the song Blowin in the Wind. His biography can be told through his songs, they have always reflected his thoughts, emotions, and life. Dylan's lyrics not only express his personal thoughts, they also relate to the people in the country, mostly the youths in the sixties, and to the soldiers that fought in the war. One of the main songs that rallies against Vietnam is A Hard Rain's A Gonna Fall. The song is depicting the atmosphere and experiences of the soldier in Vietnam. My blue-eyed son symbolizes the United States soldiers in Vietnam. Each verse appears to contain a correlation to events over seas. I saw ten thousand talkers whose tongues were all broken, this coincides with the numerous failed peace talks. I saw guns and sharp swords in the hands of young children, most of the men fighting were very young, sixty-one percent of the men killed were twenty-one or younger (War Information and Statistics). I heard the sound of thunder, it roared out a warnin' This directly refers to the massive amount of bombs being dropped. During the entire war, the United States dropped nearly eight million tons of bombs, four tim es the tonnage dropped during all of World War II. It is the largest display of firepower in the history of warfare (War Information and Statistics). The section of the song in which he sings of who did you meet covers the different plights the troops faced. The young innocent children that died, the racial tension between soldiers, missing their families and being consumed by hatred because of the death they were surrounded by. Where the pellets of poison are flooding their waters vividly images the use of Napalm, a petroleum based anti-personnel bomb that showers hundreds of explosive pellets upon impact (War Information and Statistics). The chorus of the song, And it's a hard rain's a-gonna fall is interpreted by the many men that fell to the war and lost their lives. A total of 58,202 men lost their lives in Vietnam. The most significant metaphorical phrase in this piece of rhetoric is contained in the last two verses of the song. Then I'll stand on the ocean until I start sinki n', But I'll know my song well before I start singin' He is telling the story of all the soldiers who understand they were going to loose their lives. Dylan formed the song into the time sequence of the war. First he questions where they could be, Oh, where have you been, my darling young one? The question of family and friends where

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Investment and Normal Economy Essay Example

Investment and Normal Economy Essay Portfolio Risk| | | | | | | | | | | | | | Scenario Analysis. The common stock of Leaning Tower of Pita, Inc. , a restaurant chain, will generate the following payoffs to investors next year:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Dividend| Stock price| | | | | | | | | | | | Boom| | 5| 195| | 150. 00%| | | | | | | | | | Normal economy| 2| 100| | 27. 50%| | | | | | | | | | Recession| | 0| 0| | -100. 00%| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | The company goes out of business if a recession hits. Calculate the expected rate of return and standard deviation of return to Learning Tower of Pita shareholders. Assume for simplicity that the three possible states of the economy are equally likely. The stock is selling today for $80. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Current stock price=| $80| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Â  | Dividend| Stock price| Capital gains| Â  | Total gain (dividend + capital gain)| Â  | Return| Â  | Â  | | | | | Boom| | $5| $195| $115| =$195 $80. | $120| =$5 + $115. | 150. 00%| =$120 / $80. | 25. 83%| | | | Normal economy| $2| $100| $20| =$100 $80. | $22| =$2 + $20. | 27. 50%| =$22 / $80. | | | | | Recession| Â  | $0| $0| -$80| =$ $80. -$80| =$ -$80. | -100. 00%| =-$80 / $80. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Scenario| Probability| return| return x Probability| Difference from mean, i. e. 0. 2583| Difference 2 | Probability x Difference 2| | | 25. 83%| | | | | | Boom| 33. 33%| 150%| 50. 00%| 124. 17%| 1. 541819| 0. 513888| | | | | | | | | Â  | Â  | Â  | =150. %x0. 3333| =150. %-25. 83%| =1. 24 17^2| =0. 33331. 541819| | | | | | | | | Normal economy| 33. 33%| 27. 5%| 9. 17%| 1. 67%| 0. 000279| 0. 000093| | | | | | | | | Recession| 33. 33%| -100%| -33. 3%| -125. 83%| 1. 583319| 0. 527720| | | | | | | | | Total| | | 25. 83%| | | 1. 041701| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Probability = 1/3 as all the three states are equally likely| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Expected return=| 0. 2583| or| 25. 83%| | | | | | | | | | | Variance=| | 1. 041701| | | | | | | | | | | | | Standard deviation=vVariance=| 1. 0206| or| 102. 06%| =v1. 041701| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Question:| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Portfolio Risk. Who would view the stock of Learning Tower of Pita as a risk reducing investment – the owner of a gambling casino or a successful bankruptcy lawyer? Explain. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | A successful bankruptcy lawy er would view stock of leaning Tower Of Pta a risk reducing investment because in recession his business would do well and Leaning Tower of Pita would not whereas, in boom times his business would not do well but Leaning Tower of Pita would do well. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | We will write a custom essay sample on Investment and Normal Economy specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Investment and Normal Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Investment and Normal Economy specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Juan Domingo Peron and Argentinas Nazis

Juan Domingo Peron and Argentina's Nazis After World War Two, Europe was full of former Nazis and wartime collaborators in once-occupied nations. Many of these Nazis, such as Adolf Eichmann and Josef Mengele, were war criminals actively searched for by their victims and Allied forces. As for collaborators from France, Belgium, and other nations, to say that they were no longer welcome in their native countries is an epic understatement: many collaborators were sentenced to death. These men needed a place to go, and most of them headed to South America, particularly Argentina, where populist president Juan Domingo Peron welcomed them. Why did Argentina and Perà ³n accept these desperate, wanted men with the blood of millions on their hands? The answer is somewhat complicated. Perà ³n and Argentina Before the War Argentina had long enjoyed close ties with three European nations above all others: Spain, Italy, and Germany. Coincidentally, these three formed the heart of the Axis alliance in Europe (Spain was technically neutral but was a de facto member of the alliance). Argentina’s ties to Axis Europe are quite logical: Argentina was colonized by Spain and Spanish is the official language, and much of the population is of Italian or German descent due to decades of immigration from those countries. Perhaps the greatest fan of Italy and Germany was Perà ³n himself: he had served as an adjunct military officer in Italy in 1939-1941 and had a great deal of personal respect for Italian fascist Benito Mussolini. Much of Peron’s populist posturing was borrowed from his Italian and German role models. Argentina in World War Two When the war broke out, there was much support in Argentina for the Axis cause. Argentina technically remained neutral but aided the Axis powers as actively as they could. Argentina was teeming with Nazi agents, and Argentine military officers and spies were common in Germany, Italy, and parts of occupied Europe. Argentina bought arms from Germany because they feared a war with pro-Allied Brazil. Germany actively cultivated this informal alliance, promising major trade concessions to Argentina after the war. Meanwhile, Argentina used its position as a major neutral nation to try and broker peace agreements between the warring factions. Eventually, pressure from the USA forced Argentina to break relations with Germany in 1944, and even formally join the Allies in 1945 a month before the war ended and once it was clear that Germany would lose. Privately, Peron assured his German friends that the declaration of war was just for show.   Anti-Semitism in Argentina Another reason Argentina supported the Axis powers was the rampant anti-Semitism from which the nation suffered. Argentina has a small but significant Jewish population, and even before the war began, Argentines were beginning to persecute their Jewish neighbors. When Nazi persecutions of Jews in Europe began, Argentina hastily slammed its doors on Jewish immigration, enacting new laws designed to keep these â€Å"undesirable† immigrants out. By 1940, only those Jews who had connections in the Argentine government or who could bribe consular bureaucrats in Europe were allowed into the nation. Peron’s Minister of Immigration, Sebastian Peralta, was a notorious anti-Semite who wrote lengthy books on the menace posed to society by Jews. There were rumors of concentration camps being built in Argentina during the war – and there was probably something to these rumors – but in the end, Perà ³n was too pragmatic to try and kill off Argentina’s Jews, who contributed much to the economy. Active Aid for Nazi Refugees Although it’s never been a secret that many Nazis fled to Argentina after the war, for a while no one suspected just how actively the Perà ³n administration aided them. Perà ³n dispatched agents to Europe – primarily Spain, Italy, Switzerland, and Scandinavia – with orders to facilitate the flight of Nazis and collaborators to Argentina. These men, including Argentine/German former SS agent Carlos Fuldner, helped war criminals and wanted Nazis to flee with money, papers, and travel arrangements. No one was refused: even heartless butchers like Josef Schwammberger and wanted criminals like Adolf Eichmann were sent to South America. Once they arrived in Argentina, they were given money and jobs. The German community in Argentina largely bankrolled the operation through Perà ³n’s government. Many of these refugees met personally with Peron himself. Perà ³n’s attitude Why did Perà ³n help these desperate men? Perà ³n’s Argentina had actively participated in World War Two. They stopped short of declaring war or sending soldiers or weapons to Europe, but aided the Axis powers as much as possible without exposing themselves to the wrath of the Allies should they prove victorious (as they eventually did). When Germany surrendered in 1945, the atmosphere in Argentina was more mournful than joyous. Perà ³n, therefore, felt that he was rescuing brothers-in-arms rather than helping wanted war criminals. He was enraged about the Nuremberg Trials, thinking them a farce unworthy of the victors. After the war, Perà ³n and the Catholic Church lobbied hard for amnesties for the Nazis. â€Å"The Third Position† Perà ³n also thought these men could be useful. The geopolitical situation in 1945 was more complicated than we sometimes like to think. Many people – including most of the hierarchy of the Catholic Church – believed that the communist Soviet Union was a far greater threat in the long run than fascist Germany. Some even went so far as to declare early in the war that the USA should ally itself with Germany against the USSR. Perà ³n was one such man. As the war wrapped up, Perà ³n was not alone in foreseeing an imminent conflict between the USA and the USSR. He believed that a third world war would break out no later than 1949. Perà ³n saw this upcoming war as an opportunity. He wished to position Argentina as a major neutral country affiliated neither with American capitalism nor Soviet communism. He felt that this â€Å"third position† would turn Argentina into a wild card that could sway the balance one way or the other in the â€Å"inevitable† confl ict between capitalism and communism. The ex-Nazis flooding into Argentina would help him: they were veteran soldiers and officers whose hatred of communism was beyond question. Argentina’s Nazis after Peron Perà ³n fell from power abruptly in 1955, went into exile and would not return to Argentina until nearly 20 years later. This sudden, fundamental shift in Argentine politics unnerved many of the Nazis who were hiding out in the country because they could not be certain that another government – especially a civilian one – would protect them as Perà ³n had. They had cause to be worried. In 1960, Adolf Eichmann was snatched off a Buenos Aires street by Mossad agents and taken to Israel to stand trial: the Argentine government complained to the United Nations but little came of it. In 1966, Argentina extradited Gerhard Bohne to Germany, the first Nazi war criminal formally sent back to Europe to face justice: others such as Erich Priebke and Josef Schwammberger would follow in subsequent decades. Many Argentine Nazis, including Josef Mengele, fled to more lawless places, such as the jungles of Paraguay or isolated parts of Brazil. In the long run, Argentina was probably hurt more than helped by these fugitive Nazis. Most of them tried to blend into Argentina’s German community, and the smart ones kept their heads low and never talked about the past. Many went on to become productive members of Argentine society, albeit not in the way Perà ³n had envisioned, as advisors facilitating Argentina’s rise to a new status as major world power. The best of them were successful in quiet ways. The fact that Argentina had not only allowed so many war criminals to escape justice but had actually gone to great pains to bring them there, became a stain on Argentina’s national honor and informal human rights record. Today, decent Argentines are embarrassed by their nation’s role in sheltering monsters like Eichmann and Mengele. Sources: Bascomb, Neil. Hunting Eichmann. New York: Mariner Books, 2009 Goà ±i, Uki. The Real Odessa: Smuggling the Nazis to Peron’s Argentina. London: Granta, 2002. Posner, Gerald L., and John Ware.  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Mengele: The Complete Story. 1985. Cooper Square Press, 2000. Walters, Guy. Hunting Evil: The Nazi War Criminals Who Escaped and the Quest to Bring Them to Justice. Random House, 2010.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

International management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

International management - Essay Example Equally, in polychronic societies, individuals tend to tackle numerous tasks simultaneously and to highlight the amount of finished activities and the number of individuals implicated, rather than the devotion to time programme. Being on time is of little significance in polychronic systems than in Monochronic systems3. High-context cultures refer to connected, Marxist, instinctive, and thoughtful systems.   This implies that individuals in these backgrounds highlight interpersonal relations4.   Creating trust is a significant initial stage to any company contract.   Examples include Middle East, Asian states, Africa5.   Low-context cultures are describes as rational, linear, personal, and action-based.   Populace from low-context systems treasure sense, truth, and openness6. Choices depend on truth rather than insight.   To be completely apparent, they struggle to employ accurate statements and aim them to be understood literally.  This is extremely diverse from speakers in high-context systems that rely less on speech exactness and lawful documents. Examples include USA and Western Europe. Attribution refers to the procedure by which grounds or motives are given to describe other individuals’ character7. Dispositional attributions propose that some individuality trait or logical quality exceptional to the individual is responsible for the personality. Situational attributions propose that the outside condition or culture in which the marked individual exists was liable for the personality8. Consistency signals mirror how constantly an individual engages in various manners over time. We tend to see habit that an individual does frequently as suggestive of his or her factual purpose Consensus cues mirror how an individual’s behaviour contrasts to that of others9. Universally, activities which diverge from social anticipations give us with more facts concerning the actors intentions than conforming manners do. In exchanging

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

The Canadian Health Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Canadian Health Act - Essay Example This paper explores the strategic failures of these five criteria with regard to the present Canadian healthcare system. I tend to argue that the Canadian health care lags behind in quality even though it is characterized by an excellent policy framework. To begin with, the public administration criterion mainly intends to describe the system of healthcare administration by a public authority. Under this system, the concerned public authority administers the healthcare insurance plan on a non-profitable basis. Similarly, the comprehensiveness criterion demands that the healthcare insurance plan must insure all services which are ‘medically necessary’ for each province (Parliamentary Information and research Service, n.d.). At the same time, the third criterion universality has designed to ensure the unbiased healthcare services to everyone. Hence, this system gives access for all the residents to healthcare insurance and other related services. It is identified that port ability is a very similar criterion to universality. It asks to make provisions for extending the insurance coverage to all persons who are temporarily absent from their respective provinces or from Canada. The last criterion accessibility requires the indiscriminate services to the insured person without considering their age, income, or health status. Although the five criteria seem to be the powerful ingredients of the Canada health Act 1984, in my opinion, the criterion of comprehensiveness is the most fruitful one. It is defined under section 9 of the Canada Health Act 1984 and demands that the health care insurance plan must â€Å"cover all insured health services provided by hospitals, physicians, or dentists (surgical-dental services which require a hospital setting) and, where the law of a province permits, similar or additional services rendered by other health care practitioners† (lecture notes; slide 38). This criterion ensures the coverage for all healthcare serv ices under health care insurance plan. It is opined that improved health care facilities are the part of social justice since all individual have certain interests regarding their health. Choudhry (1996) tells that the basic idea behind this criterion is that an individual gets wide range of opportunities in order to cover his/her disability. The effect of this criterion saves the Canadian people from the overburden of healthcare expenses. Hence, people do not need to put off their medical consultation on the ground of lack of finance. It is estimated that lion’s part of the expenditure on Canada’s dental care services were financed privately. In order to overcome this difficulty, the comprehensiveness criterion of the new Act covers dental services also. Similarly, healthy generation is the essential requirement and asset of every nation since this factor adds value to the manpower requirements of the economy. Although the terms of the Canada Health Act 1984 are enoug h to cover the need of the Canadian society, some of its features fail to meet its actual intentions; especially, universality, accessibility, and comprehensiveness. The criterion of universality demands the cent percent serviceability to persons who are covered under healthcare insurance plan. However, there are not enough doctors in the country to satisfy this demand. As a result, the universality factor fails to meet its actual requirements. Similarly, the accessibility factor tries to avoid all health care disparities

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Professional Project - Rehearsal Studio Literature review

Professional Project - Rehearsal Studio - Literature review Example Using Space for Artistic Needs The main use of a rehearsal studio is to help to stimulate an environment and create a space for musicians and other performers. If there aren’t spaces available, then it becomes difficult to prepare for performances, recording and other alternatives that are needed to be a growing musician. In a specific study, (Fewster, Wood, 2009), there was an examination of whether musicians and artists required spaces for performance. The comparison made was to virtual environments that led to a hybrid experience with technology as well as other alternative environments which were available for rehearsing. Through this study, it was found that the change in environment also led to direct changes in the formation of music. When the rehearsal space was used through a 3D alternative or virtual collaboration space, for instance, the environment changed to create a hybrid effect. This combined higher amounts of technology with the music, as opposed to having the needed performance options. The environment with the space was able to offer a different sense of experimentation, specifically with interactions between the members that allowed for collaboration to move forward in a different alternative (Fewster, Wood, 2009). The concept of changing the environment and the mood with collaboration is important for various reasons. For those collaborating with several individuals is the ability to interact differently and to allow creativity to move into a different set of alternatives. This offers new levels of professionalism and enhances the creativity needed through the use of space. The environment is combined with the concept of using creative space. When the creativity is in the surrounding environment, it becomes easier for musicians and other artists to collaborate and work toward enhanced materials. The development of the creative space provides more opportunities to find unique aspects to a band or group while offering an outside area i n which musicians and others can perform. The important aspect to consider is based on investing in the creation of space that enhances creativity and which is conducive to the needs of artists, specifically because this changes the reactions and opportunities available through a given area (Martin, 2010). It should be noted that the ability to offer a rehearsal space isn’t only dependent on musicians with specific needs. Rehearsal space is also changing shape and form because of the emerging technologies and the need to have collaborative areas for those interested in music. The concept of body space activity is one which is now being used among musicians and other performers. However, the ability to produce these activities is also dependent on having other applications and technologies within the space. For instance, recording equipment, materials and other applications which can form specific roles can be used for creative needs. The most common alternatives which are now in the UK are based on the use of creative spaces in urban regions, which has expanded the idea of rehearsal spaces. This is one which is now inclusive of an environment for creativity as well as materials that provide physical access to those who wouldn’t have the options available in another given arena (Tandt, 2006). Socio-cultural Changes

Friday, November 15, 2019

Necessity of Soft Skills for Professionals

Necessity of Soft Skills for Professionals Soft Skills are Smart Skills: Necessity of Soft Skills for LIS Professionals in this Twenty First Century Abstract Changing the users awareness and the technology developed in this Twenty First Century, Library Professionals required to introduce new services, based upon user interest. Managing and running this current century library, professionals have a highly specialized job. So LIS professionals should be required multi-talented and multi-fold personalities. To reach the success and adding new variety of services in their libraries, this paper will helps to LIS professionals through Soft Skills.Various skills need to become a good leader. In Library concept, if you become a good Librarian you should have Library Professional Skills, Managerials Skills and Soft Skills. This paper describes the necessity of soft skill for library professionals. And it listed out the list of soft skills which are essential to survive effectively. Through this paper, we recommend all the library professionals must acquire and execute soft skills in order to better the outcome of their Library. Keyword: Library Science, LIS Professionals, Soft Skills, Twenty First Century Libraries, Librarianship. â€Å"Professional skills may help to get your Job, But Soft skills can make you a good Librarian†. Introduction LIS professionals need continuous grooming by new skills. Then only they become obsolete in this fast changing environment. Soft skills, becoming important at the middle level of library management. Library professionals have to be effective in oral, written an e-communication with their patrons, colleagues and managers, This soft skills will make them more effective to promote their library product and services through marketing. And thus this will help them to show their value to the parent organization. They also need good interpersonal and networking skill to interact with users and effectively collaborate with their colleagues. There is also a growing realization that libraries and information service play important social and community function. Thus, social and community building skills are useful for information professionals- both for community of colleagues (Abdus Sattar Chaudhry Christopher S.G. Khoo). Definition Technical professionals in various disciplines such as information technology, engineering, architecture, and research and development are increasingly required to broaden their skill sets to master the so-called soft skills. Soft skills, as defined by Wikipedia, are the cluster of personality traits, social graces, facility with language, personal habits, friendliness, and optimism that mark people to varying degrees. Soft skills complement hard skills, which are the technical requirements of a job. Set of Skills There are various types of skills that can be acquired. These skills are categorized under â€Å"Sets† based on their nature. There are five types of â€Å"Sets† of skills (Vidya V. Hanchinal. 2014) Hard Skills: certificates acquired through completing a formal education e.g.Certificates Technical Skills: abilities essential to perform a particular job e.g. employability skills Professional Skills: expertise in professional knowledge, e.g. teaching skills,corporate skills. Life Skills: enriching the innermost qualities like peace of mind, concentration,positive energy levels, etc. E.g. Yoga, Meditation, Mind Power. Soft Skills: a sociological term for a persons â€Å"EQ† (Emotional Intelligence Quotient) which refers to the cluster of personality traits, social graces, communication, ability with language, personal habits, friendliness, and optimism that mark each of us in varying degrees. Gupta Rajat(2012). To differentiate clearly between Hard skills, Soft skills and Life skills as; any type of job/work/profession/trade requires a set of tasks to be executed. These are hard skills or Core skills. So these skills are basics for success in professional life. Soft skills, prepare us to be acceptable by others, so that one can attain materialistic and psychometric success in his/her career. And Life skills, prepare us to attain psycho-somatic success (Inner Happiness) in life. Nishitesh and Reddi Bhaskara (2012). All these three skills finally elevate and refine our personality to greater heights, if one knows how to balance all these skills. The ever changing life style, hybrid cultures emerging management styles, technological revolutions essentially require refined sets of skills consisting of Hard Skills(Professional Skills), Soft Skills and Life Skills. Skills Required for the 21st Century Library Though various skills are required, but the skill needs depend on the role and context of the parent organization As all skills do not relate to everyone, a summarized set of skills under three broad categories of skills, i.e. generic, managerial and professional skills have been listed below. (Fisher 2004). S.P. Singh Pinki (2009) (Fouire 62-74) (Oldroyd 30:45-49:69:78:99; Sridhar 141-149); TFPL Skill Set) Generic skills Managerial skills Professional skills Communication skill Local and global thinking Information technology skills Flexibility Planning and organizational skills a. Hardware/ software and networking Skills Adaptability Financial management skills b. MS-Office suite Assertiveness a. Fundraising c. Power point etc. Self-confidence b. Skillful use of financial resources d. Library automation Creativity c. Accounting and auditing skills e. Database creation Innovation Managing change f. Internet Analytical skills Team building g. Intranet skill Problem solving Decision making h. Scanning techniques Decision making Leadership i. Networking skills Service attitude Negotiation skills * On-line search engines Customer relationship Consumer management skills * On-line databases search Improving one’s learning and experience a. User need analysis j. Desktop publishing Presentation skills b. Information seeking k. Content development Stress management c. Behavior analysis l. Digitization Time management Project management m. Web based services Interpersonal People management n. Virtual learning Group skills Stress management Information literacy Working with difficult people Time management Technical professional skills Resource management a. Information resource management b. E- serial management c. Metadata standards d. Standards e. System development Knowledge management5 Traditional skills Table No: 1 Required Skill for 21st Century Library Soft Skills Each one of us is endowed with two Kinds of Skills. Hard Skills and Soft Skills. Hard skills are human tangibles that often find a place in the individual.This soft skill are mostly of complementary nature representing human intangibles. Hard skills are nothing but academic skill that we have picked up in disciplines. Hard skills a can be obtained by reading books while soft skills cannot be acquired by merely reading books. Although it is difficult to give an exhaustive list of soft skills, let us look at the following list proposed by Goeran Nieragden under four heads: Interaction Self-Management Attitude Awareness Compensation strategies Conflict Handling Decision making Co-operation Learning willingness Diversity tolerance Self-assessment Etiquette Self-discipline Interlocutor orientation Self-marketing Teamwork willingness Stress resistance Communication Organization Delegating skills Problem solving Listening skills Systems thinking Presentation skills Troubleshooting List of Essential Soft Skills for Library Professionals Following are some of the significant soft skills that are required to become a successful library professional. Listening skills: The library professionals must have good listening skills a she/she has to interact with different types of users all the time. Communication skills: Command on language, especially English and also regional will improve the communication. A good communication skill also requires understanding people, self-confidence which enables to solve the problems with ease. Writing skills: The librarians are asked to help in writing research proposal/business proposal/project report, which requires good writing skills. Today there are many library professionals who are contributing to various publications, even in-house also or by sharing information and their experiences through library blogs and websites. Presentation skills: The presentation skills are required in report writing, library committee meetings and even in daily work which represents the overall library management. User service: To satisfy the information needs of the users is the utmost priority for any library. The library professionals provide various services such as CAS and SDI or other specialized services. Leadership skills Teamwork: Library management, especially in a bigger library set up is about team work/exercise. Hence, it is required to have leadership skills to manage and guide the team from time to time, as every subordinate is important for carrying out their work efficiently for smooth running of a library system. Teaching skills: Libraries spend huge amounts to procure resources, both print as well as electronic, therefore, it is essential to possess teaching skills, which helps to conduct the information literacy classes effectively. Conclusion Soft skills, becoming impartant of Library professionals in this 21st Century. A current century internet provides more exercise of this Softskills. The overlap in soft skill development and best practices across disciplines needs the Library Science course institutions have to think how to teach soft skills effectively. This paper presents and briefly mentioned variety of soft skills likely to be significant importance to LIS professionals. If we start to learn beginning from library science study itself, the huge difference will be there to execute their work environment. Of course, more and more innovative methods need to implement this soft skills to library studies. Through this paper, we request to add soft skill training to all library and information courses curriculams. References Abdus Sattar, Chaudhry., Christopher, S.G. Khoo.(2008). â€Å"Trend in LIS Education: Coverage of Soft skills in Curricula†. Journal of Librarianship and Information Studies, 66,1-13. Goeran Nieragden, (2000). ‘The Soft Skills of Business English’, The Weekly September 2000. http://www.eltnewsletter.com/back/September2000/art282000.htm Accessed on (Dec- 2014). Gupta Rajat (2012). â€Å"Soft Skills: Tools for Success†, Yking Books, Jaipur, P.4 Nishitesh and Reddi Bhaskara (2012).†Soft Skills and Life Skills : The Dynamics of Success†, BSC Publishers and Distributors, Hyderabad, P.16 Vidya V. Hanchinal (2014).†Developing Leadership Qualities in Librarians through Soft Skills†, Episteme: an online interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary multi-cultural journal,6 (4). Sridhar (2000), â€Å"Skill Requirements of LIS Professionals in the New E-World†, Library Science with a Slant to Documentation and Information Studies, 36.(3) Pp.141-149. TFPL Skills Set: Knowledge and Information Management Skills toolkit. http://skillstoolkit.tfpl.com Access on (Dec- 2014). Fisher (2004). â€Å"Workforce Skills Development: The Professional Imperative for Information Services in the United Kingdom.† Australian Library and Information Association 2004 Biennial Conference. Sydney, 19 June 2004. S.P. Singh Pinki (2009). â€Å"New Skills for LIS professionals in Technology-Intensive Environment†. ICAL 2009 – CHANGE MANAGEMENT, Pp.331 -336

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Essay --

â€Å"Education is our passport to the future, for tomorrow belongs to the people who prepare for it today†- Malcolm X After carefully considering my aptitude, interests, the nature of my training and my ultimate professional ambition, I have decided to pursue M.S. in Electrical Engineering specializing in the field of my interest namely- Embedded Systems, ultimately leading to a career in teaching and research. As a statement of purpose of my undergraduate study, I describe here my academic background, my research interests and my career goals. The undergraduate programme at SRM University, Chennai is a well-rounded programme. It not only helped me build a solid foundation of Electronics and Communication Engineering fundamentals, but also helped me develop an overall perspective of the vast field of Electrical Engineering. In the final year I developed a keen interest in the area of Embedded Systems. I substantiated my knowledge of these areas by choosing electives on Linear Integrated Circuits, Microprocessors and Microcontrollers, VLSI Design, Digital Signal Processing, ASIC Des...

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Choosing a Course Book Essay

Every teacher knows the students need a course book. It would seem that a course book is an essential element in any course, at any age, no matter how young or old the students are. Every teacher also knows it should be the best course book possible for those students. But what exactly is the best course book? So, how do we choose the course books we want use with our students? Choosing a course book is not a frivolous matter. When deciding on a course book for the students, we should be making an informed decision. It should be made based on analysis and knowledge. It shouldn’t be made lightly and we shouldn’t feel that ‘any old course book’ will do. Furthermore, we shouldn’t be coerced or bullied into choosing one course book over another, by anyone. Choose your course books based on a clear, detailed analysis of what it offers and what your students need. Many researchers have compiled checklists and guidelines for choosing appropriate course books for different students. Some are more detailed and some are less so, but all deal with more or less the same issues. It is very important to know what to look for when choosing a book. Before choosing a course book for the students in any course, it is important to create a needs-analysis for your own students. What will the students need to know by the end of the course or school year? Once the needs-analysis is done, it’s a good idea to create a list of items that you consider desirable in a course book. Based on these lists, any course book can then be analyzed. Below are a few basic questions (to help get you started) that should be asked when we are in the process of choosing a course book for our classes and our students.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Ancient Arcitecture essays

Ancient Arcitecture essays Looking around Eugene, one can see the obvious heritage of architectural ideas. There are domes, fluted pillars, arches, and many other styles that were originally conceived in the ancient world. The influence of Greece, Rome, and the Renaissance can be seen literally everywhere. One place these ideas come together is the facade of the Christian Church at 1166 Oak, between 11th and 12th Street. The front of the building would make any citizen of ancient Athens feel at home. The wide steps rise up to the stately row of Doric columns, which support a beautiful cornice and pediment that could have been found on a temple in any Greek city-state. There is a sense of balance and harmony. Of course, a person from ancient Greece would wonder why the building is painted white, when all the statues and public buildings of his time were painted in vivid colors. When the people in the Renaissance time revived the Greek and Roman ideas of architecture, they added to it the mathematics derived from Newton and Galileo. Because of the newfound knowledge, engineers could calculate the stress and strain that they put on pillars and domes. This allowed much more accurate building of large spaces. Therefore, it is not unusual to see a dome rising behind such a Greek facade like it does on the Oak Street church. Christopher Wren, the Renaissance designer of St. Pauls Cathedral in London, was one of the first to face the challenge of a large dome in the center of a church. The dome that is the main feature of the church in Eugene is following in this pattern. It is interesting to speculate why this style of building was used on structures that have been built so long after the original impulse. I think that it is because the buildings like this church give an air of solidity and steadfastness in a hectic western town like Eugene, which has very little history of its own. Compared to the thousands of years that the Greeks and Roman buildings h...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Alice Paul & Womens Equality essays

Alice Paul & Women's Equality essays Alice Paul was born on January 11,1885, in Moorestown, New Jersey. Her father, who died when Alice was sixteen, was a businessman, banker, and property owner. The Pauls lived in the small Quaker community of Moorestown. One of the beliefs of the Quakers was equality of the sexes. As a young girl, Alice attended the Quaker suffrage Alice Pauls' father left them enough money so she could attend the exclusive Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania. She graduated in 1905 as a biology major, but after discovering politics in her senior year, she went on to attend the New York School of Philanthropy. She majored in sociology, and spent all of her spare time working for the In 1907, Paul earned a master's degree in sociolgy. She went to England to continue her work toward her doctorate degree. She was begin- ning to realize that she couldn't change the situation by social work alone, but needed to change the actual laws. Women had no voice in either England or America to change any law. The suffrage movement was different in England than in the States. British suffragists had begun wild women protests in 1905. They would sneak into male political meetings, and disrupt the meetings by shouting questions, wave with the Women's Social and Political Union, she was warned of possible imprisonment. This threat did not prevent her from sneaking into political events. She was arrested ten times in England, three of which ended in prison time. While in prison, she continued to protest the government's refusal to let women vote or speak publicly, by not eating. She was force-fed for four weeks. She returned to America in 1910, where she continued her studies and her suffrage work. ...

Sunday, November 3, 2019

Economic analysis of an commissioned paper Term

Economic analysis of an commissioned - Term Paper Example However, to overcome these economic challenges, the relevant authorities (including the private and public) should effectively address design, agency problem, and daunting information. Since these challenges have adverse effect on the economic growth and performance of Ontario and Canada, it is important that economic policies (fiscal and monetary) be adjusted to match the current industrial challenges. In particular, fiscal policies, which have a wide spread immediate impact on the economy, should be recommended. Fiscal policies which are effective in addressing market imperfection are government expenditure, sectoral tax provisions, and subsidies. The Ontario government proposed price ceiling and subsidies on specific goods and services, supporting venture capital investments and increased government expenditure as appropriate fiscal policies for addressing industrial market imperfections and challenges. Sustainable fiscal policies advanced by Ontario government through sectoral ne utrality and effective tax policy would be attractive to investors, thus more investments both in infrastructure and services. INTRODUCTION While analyzing effects of fiscal policies on the economic growth and development, it is important to consider both long-run and short-run implications of the proposed fiscal or monetary policy tools. Similarly, the policy maker should take into account the existing relationship between macro-economic variables and fiscal policy frameworks. In this aspect, policy makers should make a clear distinction between classical long-run and Keynesian short-run effects on the economic variable under investigation (Carl, 2008). In analyzing the effects of any fiscal policy on economic growth and development, all the potential simultaneous changes associated with such decision should be accounted for in the policy framework. As demonstrated by a number of researches, in the short-run, fiscal policies are not very effective in bringing significant changes on economic variables of growth and development, thus, Keynesian economic principles are ineffective in the short-run. However, in the long-run, generally, the economy will not benefit from expansionary fiscal policies. It is therefore essential for the government of Ontario to recognize that alterations in government expenditure without an equivalent revenue change will results into imbalanced budget, which will further impact on the economic growth indicators. Electoral process of any country is based on how effective the incoming government is going to deliver on their promises. Voters on the other hand, seek to elect leaders whose policies and manifestos have the potential of improving the living standards and reduce the cost of living to the citizens. Most governments rely on fiscal and monetary policies to deliver their promises to the voters (Walker, 2002). However, fiscal policies directly affect the voters and the economy as a whole. Through economic interventions such as spe cial tax measure and specific subsidies, the government often seeks to deliver on its goals and promises on better economic performance. Ontario is not an exception. The government of Ontario uses fiscal interventions as leading economic and growth policies. A better fiscal policy framework focuses on fostering economic development through work promotion, encouraging investments and savings, and promoting productivity through technological inventions and innovations both in the long-run and short-run. Besides,

Friday, November 1, 2019

Waging Nonviolent Struggle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Waging Nonviolent Struggle - Essay Example initial protest rally of more than a thousand people before the building of which housed the communist party’s core committee(Sharp, Gene, &Paulson 103). Then this Latvians presented a solid resistance on the conscription by pretending to not speak Russian and by removing or even replacing avenue signs, signposts, house numbers, as well as place name tablets to be able to confuse the army. This generated a move by the Latvian Supreme court on June 20, 1991 to create nonviolent safeguard center to arrange nonviolent resistance so that you can protect Latvia next to a rumored attack from Moscow, the nonviolent mobility encouraged people to set up small centers of amount of resistance in each of their cities (Sharp, Gene, &Paulson 103). With everyone happy to resist employing nonviolence, the pressure on the Baltic Says and in Moscow. In a planned nonviolent strategy, laying the actual groundwork is fundamentally important. Working upon laying groundwork for nonviolent movements is determined by defining ambitions and aims, choosing tactic and practices, making mishap plans in addition to training. The withdrawal of consent, cooperation in addition to submission can challenge the system as this affects the actual opponent’s options for power. How critically the flashbacks does so will vary with the products the types of the action, the amounts of the activists, and their persistent in the face of repression (Sharp, Gene, &Paulson 103). To balance out repression entails using different degrees of pressure for example, control of communication and information, internal pressure, and confiscation in addition to exceptional

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

United States Counterinsurgency (COIN) Operations Essay

United States Counterinsurgency (COIN) Operations - Essay Example Effective intelligence plays a major on wars against the insurgence as stipulated on the FM 3-24. The study reveals that the success of the operation on fields to bring down insurgents rest upon the effectiveness of the counter-insurgences team. Researchers have realized that a clear analysis of cultures, values, interest and strategic plans of a certain group in a society is the way forward to successful counterinsurgency. Studying the behavior of the insurgence, the population of the host country and the state will improve the success of the counterinsurgent team1. Additionally, the population provides more information regarding their behavior and the mode of insurgents. Research indicates that the insurgents use the population to gain their support and undermine the governing body. It is also indicated that the insurgents use the readily available tools to improve their supports. Such tools that can foster their support include political, economic, and informational to undermine the incumbent government. About such efforts by the insurgents, the counterinsurgency team would have to integrate themselves with the population. Such effort will provide them with more information about the techniques use by the insurgence. There are limitations to successful counterinsurgency; one that is clear is that most human intelligence operates in a short period in places with a high number of insurgence or in places that require counterinsurgency team. As clearly stated above, COIN requires deep analysis of the culture, believes, interest and perception of a certain group or an individual. Achievement of this can only be realized after a long period of mixing and studying such

Monday, October 28, 2019

Short Starbucks Case Summary Essay Example for Free

Short Starbucks Case Summary Essay The Starbucks case is about the times when Starbucks did well and when it went poorly. It begins when Howard Schultz buys the company and put his plan in action. Schultz had a vision to make a chain of coffee shops and that would become the Americans â€Å"third place†. This â€Å"third place† would be a place where you could go and small talk with people and enjoy a cup of coffee, or perhaps be by yourself and drink your coffee. It was supposed to be a place between home and work. Schultz idea proved to be a good one and he could proceed to open up several coffeehouses across America. This would later be seen as a mistake. As Starbucks grew in recognition, Schultz expanded the business fast. The people at Starbucks had an ideal to follow; customer satisfaction. As the business grew, people would lose faith in Starbucks nice atmosphere and only see the company as a money making machine. Why was that? The ideal they followed was for the customer to be satisfied, to be met by a nice clerk and get the coffee fast. What the higher ups in the company first thought was that if they increased the hours of labor a week it would bring more time to small talk with customers and give them their coffee even faster. But they soon realized that the problem was in the marketing department. Starbucks had three sections that concerned marketing; the market research group, the category group and the marketing group. Starbucks lacked a strategic group that focused on the big picture. They also needed a chief marketing officer that could make decisions. This meant that the entire decision making process had to be done by all of Starbucks senior executives. All the data that was collected was for nothing if no one looked at it and saw what was wrong. However, now they knew what the problem was. At first Starbucks primary customers were people with education, mostly women between ages 24 and 44. They were still there but the new customers were less educated and had lower income bracket. These were the persons that only saw Starbucks as a money making machine. So now Day, Starbucks senior vice president of administration proposed that an investment of 40 million dollars per year to add additional 20 hours of labor a week. It met a lot of resistance in the company but Day said to look at it as a customer-oriented investment rather than seeing labor as an expense. This meant that Starbucks, a company with the policy to have as high customer satisfaction as possible rather than as much profit as possible were neglecting the customer. They were still using their original idea but now on the wrong customers.

Saturday, October 26, 2019

Jesse Owens Essay -- Sports, Olympics

One of the most influential events in American history occurred when Jesse Owens won four gold medals at the 1936 Berlin Olympics. This accomplishment and others that he would achieve in his life time, given the historical context in which he rose to fame, inspired people for many generations. Jesse Owens created a historic legacy not just because of his record finishes on the track, but also due to the challenging times in which he competed. Born on September 12, 1913, in Oakville, Alabama, Jesse Owens grew up working on several farms. Jesse’s father, a sharecropper, worked for little pay farming other peoples’ land. As young children, Jesse and his six siblings picked cotton on a rich man’s farm in Alabama. At age nine the Owens family moved to Cleveland, Ohio. Jesse worked in grocery stores as a nine year old in Cleveland to bring in extra money for his family. (Raatma 8-9) Jesse began running track and field in middle school. In 1928 he set many middle school records including jumping almost twenty-three feet in the long jump (â€Å"About Jesse Owens† 1). Jesse went to East Technical High School in the 1930s where he continued to set records and develop as a track and field star. In fact, in his Junior Year, at the National Interscholastic Championship, Jesse set the 220-yard dash record and tied the world record in the 100-yard dash. The city of Cleveland, in order to demonstrate their p ride, honored Jesse Owens with a citywide parade marking his debut into the spotlight. (Raatma 13) After an impressive high school track and field career, Jesse Owens studied at Ohio State University. He did not receive a scholarship for his athleticism, so he had to work many jobs to pay for his education. Jesse did not love academics... ...d Field hall of fame inducted Jesse Owens into its ranks. Two years later, he received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Ford. In 1979, President Carter presented Jesse Owens with the Living Legend Award. That year Jesse also learned he had lung cancer. Jesse Owens died from lung cancer on March 31, 1980. (Raatama 35-37) Jesse Owens accomplished more than just four gold medals in the 1936 Olympics. He showed the world that anyone can do whatever they want if they follow their dreams. Owens created a lasting legacy not just because of his record running times, but also due to the obstacles he overcame that plagued minorities in Hitler’s Germany. Jesse Owens’ influential story of the Berlin Olympics became an important part of American history since it symbolizes the drive of the American spirit to succeed despite the challenges we may face.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

A fAREwell to arms study guide

A Farewell to Arms Study Gulled Questions *Answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper as completely as possible. Keep these questions/answers to use as notes in order to prepare for discussions, quizzes, and tests. BOOK I 1 . What tone Is set in the opening chapters? Why Is this unexpected? The scene that Hemingway creates is peaceful and serene. However, the tone is depressing as fall turns into winter with rains and cholera plaguing the army. This is unexpected because the novel is about a war and we do not see any action. 2. What are your Impressions of the narrator so far?He seems rugged yet sensitive to the beauty of nature, articulate, inured to the dying that is part of war, probably a reliable reporter of external events, but pretty close- lipped about his own feelings. 3. How/Why did the narrator get Involved In WWW? Why Is he In the Italian army? (1) He signed up to drive an ambulance in the Italian army, he tells the head nurse he was in Italy and spoke It alian. 4. What does the narrator's initial attitude toward the war seem to be? (1) He seems objective and detached. 5. Describe the relationship between the Italian officers and the priest. What are their views concerning the Catholic Church? ) The priest is young and sincere, and the others tease him about his celibacy. The others poke fun at the church also. 6. Describe the priest's native village of Brazil. (2) Brazil is green with hills and a castle yet more guns and new hospitals and Bruits on the street. ( 10) he apologize to the priest? (3) Milan, Florence, Rome etc. He visits women. He apologizes to the priest for not visiting his hometown and family. 8. Who is Catherine Barley? How does the lieutenant meet her? A British V. A. D. – something like a nurse's aid. She has been seeing Ronald and Ronald drags Let. Henry to meet his girl. Discuss the effect on Catherine of her fiance ©'s death in the war. She held regret that they did not marry†¦ There is sadness as she says â€Å"l could have given him that anyway' she also said she was going to cut all of her hair off for him as she wanted to do something for him. (19) 10. How does Let. Ronald react to Catering's obvious preference for Henry? Was he sincere in his expressed intent to marry her? What does Ronald mean when he says, â€Å"Thank God I didn't become involved with the British† (32)? (5-6) Ronald is indifferent at Catering's attachment to Henry. He is not sincere in his intentions to marry Miss Barley. 11.Why does the lieutenant tell Catherine that he loves her? What is meant by the comment, â€Å"This was a game, like bridge† (30)? (6) He says it because it is what she wants to hear- if they are to have a physical relationship- but he has no intention of falling in love. 12. How does the soldier with the hernia feel about the war? Why does the lieutenant tell him to â€Å"get bump on your head† (35)? What was the outcome? (7) He doesn't want to go to the line again; by getting â€Å"injured† in a way that doesn't look like he did it on purpose, the soldier can -and does- get a ride to the hospital. 3. What is Henrys attitude now toward the dangers of war? 7) He recognizes them but feels that they have nothing to do with him- that he could not be killed. 14. Why does Ronald make the lieutenant chew coffee before going to see Catherine? (7) To mask the smell of alcohol to say that she can't see him that evening? How might this be a turning point for Henry? (7) Lonely and hollow. He recognizes that he loves her and longs to be with her. 16. How and when does Henry get injured? What medical treatment does he receive? Henry gets injured during dinner when a mortar explodes near his bunker. Henry test his wound cleaned at the dressing station and then transferred to the hospital. 17.Contrast the personalities of Ronald and the priest as revealed in their visits to Henry in the hospital. What does each of them do for Henrys recovery/spi rit? (10-11) Ronald – Free and fun. Likes to have fun, tease, drink, and women – talks about the medal of honor and brings Henry Cognac Priest – Talks more about feelings and what is on his mind (war, hometown, etc. ) – Brings mosquito net, vermouth, and English newspapers. 18. Why does the priest call Henry a patriot? Is this complimentary? Why or why not? Priest calls Henry a patriot because he is a foreigner fighting for Italy. Yes it is complimentary because the priest respects Henry. 9. Discuss the priest's view of love. Is the love affair between Henry and Catherine genuine according to the priest's definition? (11) The priest believes that when you love you are willing to sacrifice, do things, and serve. Love is like a religion to the priest. Henry and Catherine do have that sort of relationship. They meet together and seem to really like each other. Love making might play a key role, but they seem to care for one another. Although the relationship is young. 20. Where is Henry to be taken when he is removed from the field hospital? Why are doctors anxious for him to leave?Who will be at the other hospital? (12) To Milan to the American Hospital. Doctors need the room because there are more injured coming. Catherine was transferred to the other hospital. 21 . What is Henrys arrival at the hospital like? How does Mrs†¦ Walker try Henrys patience? Would you say that he is overbearing†¦ Or that she is over-sensitive? (13) He isn't expected and is left literally hanging- on the arms of the men supporting him- while she whines about having no room ready; he orders the porter to find him room and Mrs†¦ Walker cries. 22. How do Miss Van Camped and Henry get along? (13) Neither likes the other.She mistrusts him for being in the Italian army. He gets angry when she refuses to order wine for him. 23. Why do you think Miss Gage tells Henry that she doesn't like Miss Barley? (14) It is her humorous way of admitting some Jea lousy- that Miss Barley is so attractive- and perhaps some Jealousy that Miss Barley leaves no room for Miss Gage with him. 24. How does the barber act toward Henry? Why? (14) Thinking the Let. Henry is Austrian, the barber acts hostile. 25. What does Henry see when he looks at his wound now? 15) It looks repulsive- like hamburger meat- but he views it objectively , with detachment. 26.What is the surgeon's advice for Henry? Why does he not like the advice? (15) The surgeon advises waiting six months before surgery, to allow the bullet to â€Å"encysted†. 27. Why does Henry decide to have Dry. Valentine' go ahead with the operation? (15) Let. Henry want a major- not a captain- to do the operation, and he wants it done right away- which Valentine agrees is the way to go. 28. Why does Catherine tell Henry not to think about the two of them while he is under the anesthetic? (16) She doesn't want him to talk about their relationship in front of her colleagues. 29. Why do you thin k Catherine wants to know about Henrys past loves?Why do you think he lies? Would Catherine think less of him if he told the truth? (16) because he thinks the truth would hurt her. 30. After Henrys operation, Henry realizes that, â€Å"Catherine was right. It did not make any difference who was on night duty. † Why not? (17) He is feeling too sick to care whether or not he sees Catherine that night. 31 . How do Ferry and Catherine get along? Ferry and Henry? Why do Ferry and Henry have this type of relationship? (17) The women are good friends; Ferry is protective of Catherine and suspicious of Let. Henrys intentions. 32. Why don't Catherine and Let. Henry get married? 18) Catherine points out that if they were married, she would probably be sent away. 33. What are Catherine and Henrys beliefs about religion? (18) She tells Let. Henry that he is her only religion; he seems to be pretty much of an atheist. 34. Who are the Meyers? Who else does Henry know in Milan and what do t hey do for a living? (19) They are a couple who like horseradish. 35. How can you tell that Catherine has deep-rooted fears? Why does she cry when it anis? (19) She says that she is afraid- that she images both of them dead in the rain. 36. Describe the horse races at San Sirs. What about them makes Catherine feel â€Å"unclean†? 20) 37. What is Catering's big news for Henry? How does Henry seem to feel when he finds out? (21) She is pregnant. He is worried but reassuring. 38. How long was Henrys convalescent leave supposed to be? How did he lose it? (22) A couple of weeks; he develops Jaundice and Miss Van Camped accuses him of 39. Before Henry leaves, he and Catherine go too hotel. Why is she unhappy there? (23) She feels like a where. 40. How does Henry end up on the floor of the train back to the front? (24) He pays a machine- gunner to hold it for him, but gives up the seat when a captain protests. BOOK Ill 41 .What is the change in mood Henry encounters in Georgia when he returns from the hospital? Why doesn't it â€Å"feel like a homecoming†? (25) Gloom is pervasive – and things have changed. He does not know the British ambulance driver, the major looks older, etc. 42. What does the major tell Henry about how things have been going while Henry was away? (25) The major says it has been a bad summer and there are many sick; he is pessimistic bout the next year. 43. How does Ronald seem to be doing? How has he changed since Henry last saw him? (25) While he still Jokes, he seems depressed about the war and worried because he believes he has syphilis. 4. Why does Henry tell Ronald he doesn't want to drink too much? (25) Let. Henry explains that he has had Jaundice. 45. How has the priest changed since Henry last saw him? What does he mean when he says, â€Å"Many people have realized the war this summer† on page 178? (26) The priest is subdued, weary; he thinks that people are finally realizing the brutality and senselessness of war. 6. What does Henry think about Gin's patriotism? (27) he notices Gin's criticism of his own country which is not in keeping with a patriotic mindset. 47. Why do the Italians plan to retreat? What is Henrys role in the preparations? 27) The order is given after the Germans break through to the north; Let. Henry is supposed to stay put and help clear out the hospital equipment and the wounded; not all the wounded can be evacuated. 48. Why do Henry and the others leave the main road? (28) They are afraid of getting stuck if the column is stopped by a few dead horses or deserted trucks. 49. What happens to the sergeants when Henry asks them to help free the ambulance? Are Henrys actions Justified? (29) When the sergeants refuse to help get the ambulance out of the mud, Let. Henry shoots and injures one, whom Bone happily finishes off. 50.Pain and Ammo call themselves anarchists and socialists. What do they mean? (29) An anarchist believes in voluntary association- overthrow of the government control; a socialist advocates giving ownership and control of land and capital to the community as a whole. 51 . Why does Henry go across the bridge first? What does this show about his developing/changing character? 30) They all know that the bridge may be mined- but that one person alone probably would not detonate the explosives; he is pretty brave and feels responsible for the others. 52. Why is Henry so angry when he sees the German staff car and bicyclists? 30) It means that the Italians have not held back the Germans; he thinks the Italians should have blown up the bridge and set up machine gunners along the embankment. 53. Who gets killed from Henrys group? How? Who actually shoots him? Why is Henry so upset about his death? (30) Ammo gets shot by frightened Italians. Let. Henry isn't visibly upset, but admits that he 54. How does Henry almost get killed? Why? How does he escape? (30) The Italian battle police are about to shoot him for leaving his regiment- and because they suspect he is a German- when he escapes by Jumping into the river. 5. Why does Henry cut the stars from his sleeves? (31) For â€Å"convenience†- so that he won't be further harassed as an officer without his regiment 56. What does Henry think about as he lies in the train car? How does he feel about the war and his life at this point? How has his character change since the beginning of the novel? (32) He thinks about his lack of anger, his desire simply to wash his hands of the war, and bout the friends- Ronald, the priest, etc. – that he will never see again. He had been sure that the war would not kill him- now he knows it could.He is anxious to be with Catherine, while at the beginning he wanted no commitments. BOOK 57. What help does the proprietor of the bar in Milan offer Henry? Why does he Make this offer? (33) He offers him a safe place to stay and phony leave papers; having seen Let. Henry lump from the train, he has deduced that Henry is in tro uble- and genuinely likes him. 58. What information do the porter and his wife give Henry? Why does Henry offer them money? Why do they refuse it? (33) Catherine has gone to Stress; he pays them to keep quiet, but they refuse the money because they like him and want to help. 9. Who is Simmons? Where in the novel does he first appear? How does he help Henry? (33) Henry met Simmons when he was a patient at the hospital in Milan and Simmons was taking voice lessons; Simmons gives him some civilian clothes. 60. Explain what Henry means when he says, â€Å"I had made a separate peace† on page 243. (34) the war, he Just wants to be contentedly alone with Catherine somewhere. 61 . How does Henry find Catherine once he gets to Stress? 34) He asks the barman at the hotel whether he has seen two English girls; the barman finds out where Catherine and her friend are staying. 62.How does Helen Ferguson react to Henrys appearance in Stress? Why? (34) She is angry and annoyed because she f eels Henry has exploited Catherine; also, she is probably Jealous because he is taking away her companion. 63. Where does Henry plan to go to leave the war behind? Why? (34) To Switzerland 64. Why does Henry feel like a criminal? (34) Because he has deserted from the Army 65. Who is Count Grief? Despite the age difference, how are he and Henry alike? (35) A very old man Henry had met previously; as they play billiards, he reveals his believe that Italy will win the war- since younger nations usually do. 6. Why does Emilio, the barman, come to Henrys room in the middle of the night? (36) To alert Let. Henry that there are plans to arrest Henry in the morning. 67. What escape plan do Emilio and Henry devise? (36) Emilio gives Henry his rowboat and Henry and Catherine row to Switzerland. 68. What do Henry and Catherine decide to do as soon as they reach their destination? What immediately happens after they're done? (37) They go too cafe © and order a big breakfast. They are arrested but don't seem afraid. They foresaw the arrest. 69. What excuse do Henry and Catherine give for their trip to Switzerland?

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Pre Natal Diognostic Techniques Health And Social Care Essay

The Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Regulation and Prevention of Misuse ) Act, 1994, was enacted and brought into operation from 1st January, 1996, in order to look into female foeticide in India. Rules have besides been framed under the Act. The Act prohibits finding and revelation of the sex of fetus i.e. antenatal sex understanding by misapplying different pre-natal diagnostic techniques and processs. It besides prohibits any advertizements associating to pre-natal finding of sex and prescribes penalty for its dispute. Any individual who contravenes the commissariats of this Act is punishable with imprisonment and mulct. Recently, PNDT Act[ 1 ]and Rules[ 2 ]have been amended maintaining in position the emerging engineerings and new pre-natal diagnostic techniques for choice of sex before and after construct and jobs faced in the working of execution of the ACT and certain waies of Hon'ble Supreme Court after a PIL was filed in May, 2000 by CEHAT and Ors, an NGO on slow execution of the Act. These amendments have come into operation with consequence from 14th February, 2003PRE-NATAL DIOGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES AND PROCEDURESPrenatal diagnostic proving involves proving the fetus before the birth ( prenatally ) inorder to find as to whether the fetus has certain abnormalcies, including certain familial or self-generated familial upsets. Some of these trials, such as echography and certain blood trials, are frequently portion of everyday prenatal attention. Ultrasonography and blood trials are safe and sometimes assist find whether more invasive antenatal familial trials ( such as chorionic villus sampling, am niocentesis, and transdermal umbilical blood sampling ) are needed. Prenatal diagnosing enables early diagnosing of inborn anomalousnesss and familial upsets in the underdeveloped embryo. The population hazard of holding a kid with some inborn abnormalcy, whether genetically and/or environmentally determined, varies between 3 and 5 % . In households at hazard of a familial upset the chance of holding an affected kid can transcend several fold the population hazard, hence in these households prenatal diagnostic processs should be purely applied.[ 3 ] Advanced conceive ofing techniques every bit good as cytogenetic and molecular biological science methods provide the agencies to name prenatally legion inborn structural deformities and familial upsets in high- hazard households. Early diagnosing in utero can turn out indispensable to direction of the gestation, antenatal and postpartum medical attention, and intervention. It is besides important to doing informed determinations about go oning or ending the gestation. Familial guidance in association with modern antenatal diagnostic processs constitutes a basic component of bar of inborn anomalousnesss and familial upsets. The procedure of antenatal guidance and diagnosing is committed chiefly to reassigning information which aims to assist the parents: – 1. To understand and admit the indicants for antenatal diagnosing, 2. To understand the medical facets of doing the diagnosing of a familial disease or a inborn abnormalcy ( by qualifying the upset, form of heritage, the hazard of holding an affected kid in consecutive coevalss ) , 3. To do informed picks about the adequate for a given pathology and acceptable diagnostic strategy ( by depicting the possible diagnostic methods and processs, their benefits, restrictions and hazards ) . Harmonizing to World Health Organisation ( WHO ) and European Commission ‘s recommendations, antenatal diagnosing should be voluntary and performed merely in order to get cognition about fetal wellness position ( as described by medical indicants ) . Feasibility of antenatal diagnosing should be equal, just, and available to anyone, irrespective of the twosome ‘s or medical practician ‘s attitude towards expiration of gestation. In instance of having an unnatural consequence, the determination about expiration of the gestation should be made independently by the adult female or the twosome. Peoples doing such determinations should non be discriminated against, whatever determination they have made: either ending the gestation or giving birth to a disabled kid. Methods of antenatal diagnosing can be divided into: – ( a ) Non-Invasive ; and ( B ) Invasive techniques.NON-INVASIVE PROCEDURESNon-Invasive techniques are used for naming inborn anomalousnesss and hazard appraisal of given familial upsets ( testing ) aˆ? Ultrasound: Routine obstetric ultrasound scan: – Everyday obstetric ultrasound scanning performed by the obstetrician pull offing the gestation. Standards for normal gestations provide for four scans carried out at: 11-14 hebdomads, 21-26 hebdomads, 27-32 hebdomads, and 40 hebdomad of gestation. High-resolution ultrasound scan and Doppler surveies: – Performed in any gestation with an increased hazard of fetal structural abnormalcies, isolated or portion of a familial syndrome. Womans are referred for high-resolution ultrasound to specialist Centres pull offing bad gestations. In recent old ages 3-dimensional ultrasound ( 3D ) and 4-dimensional ultrasound ( 4D ) have started to play an increasing function in antenatal diagnosing. They can be applied in measuring facial characteristics, cardinal nervous system abnormalcies and skeletal defects. Fetal bosom echocardiography: – Performed at 18-23 hebdomads of gestation in the presence of an increased hazard of bosom defect ( for illustration: bosom defect in a parent or sibling, unnatural modus operandi ultrasound ) aˆ? Magnetic resonance imagination ( MRI ) MRI is used in combination with ultrasound, normally at or after 18 hebdomads ‘ gestation. MRI provides a tool for scrutiny of fetuss with big or complex anomalousnesss, and visual image of the abnormalcy in relation to the full organic structure of the fetus. Apparently MRI is a riskless method. aˆ? Maternal serum biochemistry provingINVASIVE PROCEDURESInvasive processs involve direct scrutiny of fetal cells or tissues. Classical cytogenetic, molecular and biochemical methods ( performed on artless or civilized cells ) are the most often used in antenatal invasive diagnosing. The processs should take topographic point in specializer Centres that manage bad gestations. When sing invasive methods all indicants and standards need to be carefully evaluated as there is a considerable hazard to the gestation[ 4 ]. Invasive techniques include: aˆ? Chorionic villus sampling ( trophoblast cells analysis ) aˆ? Amniocentesis ( amnionic fluid cells analysis ) aˆ? Cordocentesis ( Percutaneous Umbilical Blood Sampling ) As per The Pre-conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Prohibition of Sex Selection ) Act, 1994, pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques includes[ 5 ]: – Ultra-sonography Fetoscopy Taking samples of amnionic fluid, embryo, blood or any tissue or fluid of pregnant adult females before or after construct, Testing samples in Genetic Laboratory to observe familial upsets, abnormalcies or sex-linked diseases Out of the above stated antenatal techniques, the most normally used sex-determination trial is ammnicentesis. It was used as an assistance to observe any abnormalcy in the unborn kid. But over the old ages it has been used to find the sex of the fetus. In India since 1978 the trial is being used as a sex finding or sex preselection trial. Since so the trial has become highly popular and has led to a mushrooming of private clinics which perform the trial all over the state. Earlier physicians employed the controversial amniocentesis trial done between 14-18 hebdomads to find the sex of the foetus.The ultrasound technique has besides been improved. The sex of a fetus can be determined by more sophisticated machines within 13-14 hebdomads of gestation by trans-vaginal echography and by 14 to 16 hebdomads through abdominal ultrasound. These methods have rendered sex finding cheap and easy. Some sophisticated method like Erison method which separates the Ten and Y Chromos from the sperm and so Injects back merely Y chromos into the uterus to guarantee a male child have besides been developed. And they cost around Rupees 15,000 to 25,000.[ 6 ]THE PROBLEM OF FOETICIDE IN INDIAThe Women who constitute half of the human population have been discriminated, harassed and exploited irrespective of the state to which they belong, forgetful of the faith which they profess and unmindful of the timeframe in which they live.[ 7 ]Everywhere adult females are confronted with many challenges. Female foeticide is possibly one of the worst signifiers of force against adult females where a adult female is denied her most basic and cardinal right i.e â€Å" the right to life † . The phenomenon of female foeticide in India is non new, where female embryos or fetuss are selectively eliminated after pre-natal sex finding, therefore extinguishing miss kid even before they are born. As a consequence of selective abortion, between 35 and 40 million misss and adult females are losing from the Indian population. In some parts of the state, the sex ratio of misss to boys has dropped to less than 800:1000. The United Nations has expressed serious concern about the state of affairs. The long standing tradition of boy penchant, coupled with medical engineering now gives to the position witting Indian households, the pick between payment of big doweries for their girls or riddance of girls. The traditional method of acquiring rid of the unwanted miss kid was female infanticide, where the female babe was done off with after birth in assorted ways – either by poisoning the babe or allowing her choking coil on chaff or merely by oppressing her skull under a charpoy. With the promotion of medical engineering sophisticated techniques can now be used or instead misused, to acquire rid of her before birth. Through ultrasound scans and amniocentesis, the sex of the fetus can be determined during the gestation of the adult female and so the fetus is aborted if found to be female.[ 8 ] In Indian society, female foeticide has emerged as a firing societal job during the last few old ages. The miss kid in India is treated right from her birth as an extra load, an excess oral cavity to feed, a liability and another adult male ‘s belongings. The birth of a boy is regarded as indispensable in Hinduism and many supplications and munificent offerings are made in temples in the hope of holding a male kid. Modern medical engineering is used in the service of this faith driven devaluating of adult females and misss. Woman is created at par with adult male in all facets. â€Å" Womans have equal rights with work forces upon Earth ; in faith and society, they are a really of import component. Divine Justice demands that the rights of both sexes should be every bit respected since neither is superior to the other in the eyes of Heaven. † These important statements from the Bahai ‘s authorship are regarded by Bahai ‘s as looks of the Divine Will. To depri ve adult females randomly of their rights and privileges, or to strip them to even being born or killing them in babyhood is both immoral and unfair, a misdemeanor of God ‘s jurisprudence. It has a damaging consequence on the society and the persons who are involved in this pattern are responsible for such Acts of the Apostless.[ 9 ]But does the Indian society accept this world? If so why female foeticide and female infanticide are on the addition? The sex ratio has altered systematically in favor of male childs since the beginning of the twentieth century, and the consequence has been most pronounced in the provinces of Punjab, Haryana and Delhi. It was in these provinces that private fetal sex finding clinics were foremost established and the pattern of selective abortion became popular from the late seventiess. Worryingly, the tendency is far stronger in urban instead than rural countries, and among literate instead than illiterate adult females. No uncertainty, if this pat tern continues it will upset the societal balance and it may take to serious jobs like addition in sexual offenses, sharing of adult females within and outside marriage and greater insecurity to adult females.[ 10 ]Female foeticide and Female Infanticide:Female foeticide is aborting the female babe in the female parent ‘s uterus. Whereas female infanticide is killing a babe miss after she is being born. The pattern of killing the female kid after her birth has been predominating in our society for many old ages. But foeticide is the bequest and part of the advancement made by the medical scientific discipline. Amniocentesis was introduced in 1975 to observe fetal abnormalcies but it shortly began to be used for finding the sex of the babe. Ultrasound scanning, being a non-invasive technique, rapidly gained popularity and is now available in some of the most distant rural countries. Both techniques are now being used for sex finding with the purpose of abortion if the fetus tur ns out to be female. With the coming of denationalization and commercialisation, the usage of pre-natal diagnostic engineerings is turning into a thriving concern in India. This is chiefly for the intent of sex finding selective abortion of the female fetus. The abuse of engineering merely reinforces the secondary position given to girl kids in such a manner that they are culled out even before they are born.[ 11 ] Compared to infanticide, foeticide is likely a more acceptable agencies of disposing off the unwanted miss kids. Infanticide can be an overtly barbarian and cold pattern while foeticide that is carried out by skilled professionals is a medical pattern that uses scientific techniques and accomplishments and reduces the guilt factor associated with the full exercising. The nose count 2001 and the recent intelligence studies informations indicate a inexorable demographic image of worsening female to male ratios. Surprisingly the most affected provinces are progressive provinces like Punjab, Haryana, Delhi and Gujarat. Harmonizing to UN norms, male-female ratio in the universe is normally 1050 females for 1000 males. But in India, this ratio is dropping down to about 850 per 1000. In Human Development Survey Report besides, India is placed in 124th place among 173 states. It is a fact that our state is much behind compared to other states in regard of instruction, wellness and gender discrimination7. The chief causes of worsening sex ratio in India society is due to female foeticide and female infanticide. Foeticide is a misdemeanor of a right of an unborn kid i.e. right to life. It besides has deduction on the wellness of the female parent. At the wider degree, it affects position of adult females and has serious ecological and demographical branching. It is a grave job that affects the life and wellness of society. And yet the job of female foeticide and female infanticide has received small attending.Pre-Natal Sex Selection and the Law:Parliament has realised the grave deductions originating out of the abuse of the pre- natal diagnostic techniques and hence intended to modulate its usage merely for certain medical intents. The Government has realized that maltreatment of techniques for finding of sex of the fetus taking to female foeticide is prejudiced against the female sex and besides affects the self-respect and position of adult females. With the above aims, the Parliamen t has passed the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Regulation and Prevention of Misuse ) Act 1994 ; which came into force from 01.01.1996. Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Regulation and Prevention of Misuse ) Act,1994: This Act provides for the ordinance of the usage of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for the intent of observing familial or metabolic upsets or chromosomal abnormalcies or certain inborn deformities or sex-linked upsets and for the bar of the abuse of such techniques for the intent of pre-natal sex finding taking to female foeticide. The statute law seeks to accomplish the undermentioned aims. Prohibition of the abuse of pre-natal diagnostic techniques for finding of sex fetus, taking to female foeticide. Prohibition of advertizement of the techniques for sensing or finding of sex. Regulation of the usage of techniques merely for the specific intent of observing familial abnormalcies or upsets. Permission to utilize such techniques merely under certain conditions by the registered establishment. Punishment for misdemeanor of the commissariats of the Act ; and To supply deterrent penalty to halt such cold Acts of the Apostless of female foeticide[ 12 ] The PNDT Act, nevertheless, for all purposes and intents has proved to be a toothless piece of statute law. The job with the Act is twofold: – Interpretation of the Act and Execution of the Act. Despite the purpose and intent of the Act being broad and all encompassing, it has been interpreted by the ultrasonologists, the abortionists, the physicians and more shockingly the authorities likewise, to except pre-conceptual sex choice. A PIL request was filed in the Supreme Court by the Centre for Enquiry into Health and Allied Themes ( CEHAT ) , Mahila Sarvangeena Utkarsh Mandal ( MASUM ) and Dr. Sabu M. George pressing effectual execution of the Act. The Supreme Court passed an order on 4th may 2001[ 13 ]which aims at guaranting the execution of the Act, stop uping the assorted loopholes and establishing a broad media run on the issue. The 2nd end of registering the PIL is the amendment of the Act to include pre-and during construct techniques, like X and Y chromosome separation Pre-implantational Genetic Diagnosis ( PGD ) . The order mostly concerns merely the execution of the Act and seting the needed substructure in topographic point. However, the order entrusts the duty of analyzing the necessity to amend the Act to the Central Supervisory Boards, maintaining in head emerging engineerings and the troubles encountered in the execution of the Act and to do recommendations to the Cardinal Government.[ 14 ]The Su preme Court besides observed: – â€Å" It is unfortunate that for one ground or the other, the pattern of female infanticide still prevails despite the fact that soft touch of a girl and her voice has comforting consequence on the parents. One of the grounds may be the matrimony jobs faced by the parents coupled with the dowry demand by the alleged educated and/or rich individuals who are good placed in the society. The traditional system of female infanticide whereby female babe was done off with after birth by poisoning or allowing her choking coil on chaff continues in a different signifier by taking advantage of progress medical techniques. Unfortunately, developed medical scientific discipline is misused to acquire rid of a girl kid before birth † . B ) Pre-Conception And Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Prohibition of sex choice ) Act 2002: Based on the Supreme Court order and the recommendations of the Central Supervisory Board, the Parliament on December 20 passed the Pre- construct and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Prohibition of Sex Selection ) Act 2002. Some of the relevant commissariats of this Act are stated below: The Act provides for the prohibition of sex choice, before or after construct. It regulates the usage of pre-natal diagnostic techniques, like ultrasound and amniocentesis by leting them their usage merely to observe: a ) Genetic abnormalcies B ) Metabolic upsets degree Celsius ) Chromosomal abnormalcies vitamin D ) Certain inborn deformities vitamin E ) Haemoglobinophathies degree Fahrenheit ) Sexual activity linked upsets. No research lab or Centre or clinic will carry on any trial including echography for the intent of finding the sex of the fetus. No individual, including the 1 who is carry oning the process as per the jurisprudence, will pass on the sex of the fetus to the pregnant adult female or her relations by words, marks or any other method. Any individual who puts an advertizement for pre-natal and pre-conception sex finding installations in the signifier of a notice, round, label, wrapper or any papers, or advertises through inside or other media in electronic or print signifier or engages in any seeable representation made by agencies of billboard, wall picture, signal, light, sound, smoke or gas, can be imprisoned for up to three old ages and fined Rs. 10,000. Right to Life of Foetus: Our Constitution provides for the Right to Equality under Article 14 and right to populate with self-respect under Article 21. Sexual activity – sensing trials violate both these rights. Right to life is a well- established right and is recognized by assorted international instruments. Now the inquiry is, Does a fetus enjoy this right? We do non hold a definite reply. Globally, Constitutions recognize the holiness of life, yet have failed to adequately protect the life of fetus. Judicial dictums are besides non conclusive and vary in different legal powers. In India the right to life is guaranteed to every individual under the Constitution of India. The construct of personhood complicates the place of legal position of fetus. Often tribunals shy from replying this inquiry due to complex issues that arise in finding this inquiry – like when does foetus attains personhood? This inquiry is perplexing the tribunals worldwide. There is a despairing demand for the tribunals t o come clear on this critical issue and acknowledge the rights of the fetus.[ 15 ] In India, Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the life and autonomy of every individual.[ 16 ]But it is dubious if this would include the life of fetus as the significance is restricted by the usage of the word individual. The Indian Constitution has recognized the right to life under Article 21 as besides recognized in several cases.But this is barely available to the unwanted miss kid. Hence the right of the miss kid may be construed in broader footings and should be inferred as: – Right to be born and non to be aborted merely because she is a miss. Right to stay alive after birth and non to be killed at any minute after birth. Right of the miss kid to her head her organic structure, right to childhood and compensate to a healthy household environment.[ 17 ] However there are a figure of legislative acts that indirectly provide protection to the life of fetus. The Indian penal codification under assorted commissariats makes doing miscarriage an offense.[ 18 ].DecisionPeoples both in rural every bit good as in urban countries have to be made cognizant about the demand of a female kid in the societal surroundings as that of a boy. A progressive statute law entirely can non work out societal jobs. The people must be cognizant of the progressive statute law which has certain deterrent facts. Many adult females are compelled to undergo trials and seek abortion on acceptable every bit good as unacceptable evidences under irresistible impulse. A new spirit has to be imbibed propagating that a female kid is non a expletive. It is non a liability. It is non a drain on the economic system. It is non an instrument through which dowery has to be given. A feeling has to be nurtured that she is the girl, she is the female parent and she is the life sp ouse.[ 19 ] Foeticide can non be controlled unless the equation alterations and households begin to value their girls more than they do at nowadays. It does non take much to kill an infant girl even without the assistance of engineering, if she is unwanted. Among all the factors, which need attending, instruction is the most of import. In parts of South Asia where instruction and employment chances for adult females are comparatively high, the female to male ratio is comparable to that the developed states. For case in Sri Lanka the sex ratio is 102 adult females per 100 work forces and in Indian province of Kerala 104 adult females per 100 work forces. This reflects towards the deep frozen manifold, short and long-run effects of instruction on the outlook and life form of people. If we want to halt the female foeticide or disregard of adult females, we have to halt looking for speedy holes and alternatively face the job forthrightly. There is no manner to guarantee the healthy endurance of babe misss unless households find them deserving fostering. That is so a complex undertaking, which allows for no easy short-run solutions. Militants ‘ intercession has non led to controling sex finding trials. The existent challenge before us is to calculate out ways in which a realisation of the value of girls can be enhanced in the eyes of their ain households. All those who have a interest in it apart from the authorities governments, like adult females ‘s group, wellness groups, non-governmental organisations, the academe, the media and most significantly the medical professionals have to play their portion to see that the commissariats are implemented and the commissariats are strengthened by amendments of the act. Unless societal action is supplemented wi th prompt execution of the commissariats and the ordinances under the jurisprudence meant to halt female foeticide, such patterns will go on to boom. To guarantee smilings on the faces of our young person, both male childs and misss, allow us escalate joint attempts to root out unhealthy societal elements, ‘Now ‘ since future depends upon what we do in the present. Dayss are non so far, when there may be outgrowth of the state of affairs where brides will non be available for the matrimony of the boies to keep line of descent and go on the human race of even those people who believe on long standing tradition of boy penchant, that â€Å" lone boies can offer Pyre Pindadana, Mukhagni, among others and non the girls † . Therefore it is felt that the mentalities of the people should be changed right from now towards the importance of the miss kid in the household. There is an pressing demand to change the demographic composing of India ‘s population and to undertake this barbarous signifier of force against adult females. The passage of any jurisprudence is non sufficient, Torahs must be adhered to and applied strictly, before any alteration in the position of adult females can take topographic point. Inspite of the Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques ( Prohibition of Sex Selection ) Act umteen incidences of female foeticide are taking topographic point in India. There is still extreme contention as to who will function as the watchdog to command the abuse of the pattern of female foeticide. Promoting gender balanced society involves aiming behavioral alterations in society which in bend involves a long term community based intercession, consciousness programmes, programmes to advance girl kids ‘s right, turn toing myths related to sons/ girls and concerted attempts to alter the mentality of people. Sensitization of medical practicians , implementing a system of moralss in the medical profession and monitoring of medical services available to people is an pressing demand. It is so clip to stimulate attempts to set genders equality at the top of development docket and contribute in whatever manner we can to give chances to girl kids to blossom and reflect. Apart from the above, a feeling has to be inculcated in the heads of the people that she is the girl, she is the sister, she is the female parent and she is the life spouse of a adult male.