Mueller-Lehmkuhl GmbH Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mueller-Lehmkuhl GmbH - Case Study ExampleThe present research has identified that the Mueller-Lehmkhul production growth for instance consists of machining and tooling departments which are mainly set aside for producing attaching machines. The other step involves prototyping and designing for the attaching machines. Additionally, there is purchase of the required parts consisting of engines and motors which are cast to the specifications according to a local iron casting enterprise. The adjoining step involves wielding followed by the process of assembling. Testing is also very crucial as it sets apart measure out added products from the non-value added products before they are sold. The fastener production process is characterized by three core steps that include-stamping, fictionalization and finishing. The existing cost system can be referred to as activity based be or ABC which uses a number of mixes of volume based activities and other activities that are non-volume base d. The activity based costing takes into account the fact that there are changes in technology and production methods and that there is a proud rate of new products emerging into the market that has resulted in a change in overheads like IT and feeling control. The ABC approach is able to allocate these overheads in a more accurate manner by classifying overheads into groups that are influenced by homogenous activities. The groups are called cost pools while the activities that drive the costs are cognise as cost drivers.

Ethical Decisions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Decisions - Essay ExampleTransparency is necessary in a business decision reservation process. It is obvious that most decisions make have undesirable effects on some workers. However, transparency helps reduce instances of employees being treated unfairly by their bosses. Therefore, transparency is a heart and soul ethical aspect in the decision making process.In addition, there are consequences resulting from various decisions made in a business. These decisions may affect various workers negatively. Therefore, it is wise and ethical for managers to identify the effects, which are presumable to occur from various decisions made. The effects of these decisions should be clear before the decision is made. This helps the employees prepare for the repercussions which are in all likelihood to occur.Further, every business decision should be achieved fairly. faithfulness is tremendously vital in decision making because it creates confidence among workers. Each employee worki ng for a particular firm should be treated equally and fairly. Fairness creates a business environment where employees believe every decision made in the company is targeted for a common good.Transparency and fairness are a vital business code of ethics that modify the company to build a strong employer-worker relationship. For instance, I was working as the head secretary for a local restaurant where I would make most of the decisions. The restaurant had many dedicated workers who made it soft to work with them.However, the company faced tough economic times, and I was readyed to fire some of the workers. It was tough to choose the best workers. Therefore, I called a meeting, and I discussed the matter with the employees (Dubbink, Liederkerke, & Luijk, 2010). We decided to use facts in order to reach an agreement on which workers I would fire and which ones I would keep. After examining the role played by each worker, I finally fired those who played minor roles.In

ECON337 4 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ECON337 4 - Coursework ExampleThese especially were iron and steel, ships, chemicals and petroleum products. The growth of heavy manufacturing industries in Japan after public War II can mainly be to increase exports and wages of male workers(Paul & Hart., pp.110-111).The export of heavy-manufactured products increased as compared to the earlier over-reliance on domestic markets. The increased male wage and ameliorate working conditions improved their purchasing power for the heavy manufactured goods like automobiles and advanced electronic products increasing the local market.In addition, the ability of Japan to keep real wage increases below productivity gains ensured that the heavy manufacturing industries would still fall in profits despite the increased beat back costs. This gave Japan an added advantage over most of its international counterparts prima(p) to rapid growth and export success (Paul & Hart, p.112).The industries scrapped off during this period were mainly the light manufacturing sector. These are the employment of cotton textiles, synthetic textiles and labor-intensive electronic production- including radio, TVs, and Tape recorders. The reason for scrapping off such industries was mainly the rising cost of labor in the country and external pressure from its bilateral (US &European governments) and ten-sided trade partners (IMF, OECD & GATT).Unlike the heavy and chemical manufacturing industries that predominantly depended on male labor, the light manufacturing sector would accommodate both male and female employment. In this case, women, labor would be preferred since it would be cheap. Unfortunately, after WWII even women labor became expensive mostly due to the rapid growth of output as well as employment.As Japan increased its share of the worlds manufactured export market, other capitalists countries felt threatened and imposed importee restrictions on Japan and demanded that it liberalizes its imports. This was mainly in

Network monitoring and analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Network monitoring and analysis - Assignment Example214).Indiscriminate requests for launch into the network at such a rate that the servers fail to respond in a timely manner leading to congestion formation is one of the characteristic features of Denial of Service action. Tear move and peer to peer attacks are commonly known actions and activities that are entailed in the domain of DoS attacks on the networks.Different actions may be undertaken as counter measures against DoS. The installation of an effective firewall is one possible radical against this menace. Firewall allows sequential entry of traffic and requests and subsequently prevents the system from overflow and flooding of requests.Other possible options of certificate include techniques such as Black holding, or simply use of switches as an alternate. The technique of cyberspace Based Prevention System is also an option against the DoS activity which allows running a gleam operational

Whos afraid of sigmund Freud Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Whos afraid of sigmund Freud - Essay ExampleHe is no longer thought of as scientific or serious. He is mostly a cartoon reference work who speaks in a thick German accent while chomping on a cigar. race tend to believe stereotypes virtually him, such as that he believed childhood trauma was the reason for wholly problems in adulthood. The author of this article seeks to defend Freud from some of these claims, and to a certain extent succeeds. To be average to Freud, it is important to recall the time period he was living and writing in. Very little was cognise about psychology. He was the founder of this discipline. Many of his ideas were educated guesses based on conversations with patients and scientific study he undertook. There were bound to be errors. Few psychologists directly would have been anywhere near as in(predicate) as Freud was if they had to operate under the same conditions. Even today, his basic concepts are accepted, as Hustvedt writes, No neuroscientist tod ay would say that the unconscious does not exist, nor would he or she say that we do not have inherent memories (memories outside of consciousness.) No one working in the field would argue against primal emotional drives in human beings either. It is clear that he has a continuing influence, even if it is not as large as it once was. That is not to say Freud was not wrong on many fronts. Much of his thinking about sex is outdated. But all things considered, he was a genius who deserves our respect. An important subject he analyse that is very relevant today is the relationship between patient and therapist. He immediately saw the endangerment of too close an attachment and warned that therapists must watch their feelings closely in these encounters.

Youth Connexions Literature review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Youth Connexions - Literature reexamination ExampleConnexions link the work of the government departments with those of the voluntary and private sector groups and the careers and youth services. All the erect and services that are needed by the progeny people during their teenage years are brought in concert by Connexions (Bekaert 2005, p165). In the year 2003/2004, close to 3.6 interventions were made with the young people. By March 2004, nearly 100,000 teenagers vulcanized 16 18 years left the Not in Education Employment or teach group and entered training, a job with training or education (Department for Work and Pensions 2004). Connexions provide practical financial aid in the choosing the right careers and courses. It also offers access to a number of ain development activities such as volunteering activities, performing arts, and sport. Advice and assistance is also provided on issues such as homelessness, sexual health, and drug abuse. Connexions provide an all(a) in clusive support to the young people. A personal adviser is made available to these young people. The personal advisers have different roles depending on the need of the young person. Some are career advisers and others it is personal adviser who provides an in-depth support to the young person, and to help them in the identification of learning barriers and find solutions and gain access to a more specialist support. The personal adviser works in a number of settings such as colleges, community centres, one-stop shops, on an outreach basis, and schools (Bekaert 2005, p165). Connexions has its own website that has all the information for the personal advisers and other professionals this is the study website for the Connexions. A national Connexions website for the young people also exists. Another website for Connexions is the Connexions Direct and it assists the user with information and advice in regard to issues such as housing, health, career and learning options, relationship s with friends and family, activities to participate, and money. The local anesthetic Connexions companionships website also exists (Bekaert 2005, p165). thither are proposals to sustain Connexions in regions where its functioning is good and there are still indications that the guidance and support provided by Connexions is supposed to go local as much as possible. The responsibility for organizing the focus of the services in regard to working with the young people should have a coherent and holistic response approach and should lie within the upcoming of the Childrens Trusts (Hine and Wood 2009, p177). The Connexions Strategy The proposal for the Connexions strategy was signed in 2000 by the Prime see and 7 Cabinet Ministers. The intention of the strategy is to coordinate policy in a number of partner agencies they include colleges, training providers, schools, drug action teams, employers, leaving care teams, social service, the youth service, teenage maternity coordinators , and the voluntary sector. The original aim of the strategy is to offer support service to all 13 19 year olds through a system of personal advisers the services are delivered by multi-agency teams (Roche 2004, p97). The Connexions Service There are around 47 Connexions partnerships that cover England. Each of the Connexions partnership has an extensive workforce that works at one time with the young people. The workforce is composed of professional qualified personal advisers and delivery staff who work on a lower floor the supervision of the qualified professional personal advisers. The main focus of the Connexions service is the young people and their primary objective is the promotion of the welfare of the young people (Great Britain

Economic analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic synopsis - Essay ExampleStructural constraints faced by the economy have also been highlighted in the economy. 2.0 world The GDP growth in India has been below potential in the last financial twelvemonth (2012). accepted GDP in the terra firma has grown at the respect of 6.5 portion (according to 2012 estimate) (CIA, 2013). In 2011, the rate has been 6.8 percent (CIA, 2013). Hence there has been a 0.2 percent fall in the real GDP growth. According to a report from a leading newspaper of the country, the manufacturing sector is the major factor that is pulling the countrys growth rate downwards. This sector accounts for almost 17 percent of the countrys GDP. In the tercet quarter of the last year, the manufacturing sector grew by a meagre 0.8 percent. While India is mainly an agrarian economy, cultivation has grown at the rate of 1.2 percent in this quarter. This is definitely a gloomy picture that suggests that the presidency has a role to play to push the countrys growth status. The government of India has taken expansionary financial insurance policy to spur economic activities in the country. 3.0 Analysis 3.1 Monetary policy In the last year (2012) the government of India had increased pursual range to control lumpary pressure since evaluate of consumer price inflation fluctuated around 7.5 percent in the first two quarters of 2012 (Trading Economics, 2012). However, this policy failed to reduce inflation rates to the desirable extent. The most undesirable side effect has been felt on the level of private investiture activities refreshing investment (as measured by the Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF)) was found to be only 33 percent of the GDP (Choudhury, 2012). GDP forecast for FY2013-14 has been scaled down from 6.2 percent to 6 percent by international brokerage firm Barclays (Economic Times, 2013a). The government has therefore taken expansionary fiscal policy to boost up investment activities in the country. The reserve ba nk of India has cut stakes rates by 0.25 percent in May 2013, thereby reducing the repo rate from 7.5 percent to 7.25 percent (BBC, 2013). India is the third largest country in Asia and the government has cut interest rates in order to stimulate a fresh wave of economic growth (BBC, 2013). This policy has been adopted in an endeavour to swell money tote up in the economy. Thus banks would possess more money for lending out to borrowers (NASDAQ, 2011). Rate of interest is the opportunity cost of holding money (Boyes and Melvin, 2008, 339). Low interest rate can be interpreted in this way there is little opportunity cost of holding money. Money request has negative affinity with rate of interest (Walsh, 2003). Therefore the money demand curve has a downward slope. As interest rate shrinks quantity of money demand rises. It is illustrated by the following figure Figure Money demand is a negative function of rate of interest (Source Authors Creation) As interest rates are reduced, supply of loanable funds increase. This increases investment and consumption activities in the country. Figure Lowering of interest rate supply of loanable funds rise (Source Authors Creation) Higher availability of lendable funds reduces interest rates from i1 to 12 and quantity of money demanded rises from L1 to L2. Downward trend of inflation in mid 2013

Ethics and sustaibanbility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ethics and sustaibanbility - Essay modellingToyota got into a situation wherein disclosure could be damaging to both the company and to its customers. An ethical problem existed wherein a decision has to be made between what is bad and what is good. Toyota is also faced with a decision to passage based on legality or efficiency of actions.The first steps in analyzing ethical issues argon getting the facts to guide decisions and next are the appeal to values because the facts does non tell us what to do, notwithstanding values directs us to moral issues of decisions.Documents showed that the Toyota knew of the problem with the sticky pedals in late folk but did not issue a recall until late January. Why did they hide it from the public? Was it their intention to continue exchange damaged vehicles and let buyers beware and face accidents?There is very little information on the intrinsic events about the damage, who discovered it and other related details. What has been establis hed is that Toyota knew of the damage as early as September of 2009 but made announcements only in late January in 2010. In five months time, there could fill been accidents payable to faulty breaks that could have been avoided.Individual groups who have important stake in the issue are customers of Toyota the management and stockholders and the government. Some concerns that got Toyota into a mess, I believe, is the fear for outcome of decisions that would adversely affect Toyotas operation.Those who leave be affected by the first action are the Toyota customers who are facing dangers of accident due to faulty break system. Report said that there are about 2.3 million Toyota vehicles affected by the damage.In the second action, when Toyota announced to public the damage and recall of the cars, those affected are the stockholders and management. Confidence of customers on Toyota is threatened thereby there is a risk of decline of sales. Investors will also lose

Sustainable Management Futures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Sustainable Man termment Futures - Essay ExampleThe soundbox discloses business is not only concerned for profit generation motive but atomic exit 18 also concerned about society and environment and belief in sustainable growth. The Body let out has their community suppliers. at that place ar around 31 community trade related suppliers in 24 countries. Their commitment is towards trading fairly and purchasing ingredients through Community Trade Programs. They provide preference to rustic areas to become the member of the community trade for the growth of economy. The motive of community trading is to provide descent and to build their livelihood (The Body Shop, 2006). The Body Shop International Plc is a natural, original and ethical augmentative brand. All the products of The Body Shop are vegetarian. The company is against animal testing and is recognized as the early international cosmetics brand that was Against Animal Testing policy. The Body Shop Foundation was launch ed in the year 1990 with a registered charity number. It is the companys own charitable foundation which specially focuses to help those who believe in development of the society (The Body Shop, 2011). . PESTEL Analysis PESTEL analysis enables to identify macro environmental aspects that generally are seen as prime drivers for change. The Body Shop has a global presence in number of countries passim the world. In this context, the situational analysis of The Body Shop will be conducted with respect to the UK scenario. In the UK, the physical compositions that operate in the cosmetic industry extradite to abide by the ISO 22716 safety related standards which had been published on February 2010. The organisation such as The Body Shop has to select the specification that they come under from this certificate. In the UK, organisations have to abide by international trade policy to import and export their products. In upstart propagation there has been an increase in the demand for online products. The government as well as the industry of the UK has back up the scheme related to trust mark, which has significantly helped in increasing the demand for online purchases. The exchange rates in the UK have been fluctuating with respect to Pound and also in the various countries from which the company acquires its raw materials. It has impact in raising the import cost of raw materials as well as finish products. There has been an increase in VAT (Value Added Tax) to 20% in 2010, which has prompted an increase in daily commodity prices and would shave the consumers from purchasing cosmetics related products. In the UK, high labour cost has been a concern in recent times which obstructed the company from fully exploring their global strategies. In the UK, the percentage of people in the age group of 65 to 85 is increasing, which would provide an opportunity of increasing sales regarding the anti-aging cosmetics. In the year 2012, the capital of the United Kingdom Olympic Games will provide an option to create increased awareness of the products of the company among the huge number of visitors in the UK. The growing trend of natural products that are environment friendly will provide The Body Shop a massive growth prospect as the

P.R Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

P.R Strategy - Essay ExampleThus it is incumbent for us to interpret strategy and PR as efforts to promote the working of an organisation, which includes sacrificing the unnecessary and using to full-advantage, the open resources. The dichotomy of views occurs in the private and public sector organisations, where the goals of a company are defined by the piece in terms of sheer competitiveness of the former and ability to deliver in the latter the excerpt of ideals again resting on the middle level managers. Both PR and Strategy again rest upon the choices befuddle by men in aptly using the m peerlessy, material in a mechanised environment. If one of these variables is disturbed it can weigh heavy on the organisation thus rendering it unserviceable and not effective to serve its cause. (Thomson)However, the difference between the two concepts being too small they can be discerned as operating at crosses purposes. Strategy is supposed to be the internalisation of market functions of competitiveness into the brass to make it more effective with a lean environment and PR a home-grown idea to make it achieve its objectives efficiently through successful implementation of small aims unit wise. Only when the company fares strong in a competitive environment that the strategy is said to be successfully implemented. It is ostensible personal matters with all divisions and hierarchical order putting to use the best of their abilities to achieve the goals of oblige an organisation that have been described at the top and are percolated downwards. There is hardly a scope of ifs and buts. However it shouldnt be construed that strategy hardly takes care to ascertain its own capabilities, resources and manpower. Rather on the hand it whitethorn entail sacrifices for achievement of its higher objectives that may not be discernible at all levels of hierarchy. Since PR gets its feed from externalities and works in a bottom upwards mode it is not seen with

MARKETING MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

MARKETING MANAGEMENT - Assignment ExampleMarket breakdown has always been an stadium where a federation take to work a lot. Market segmentation is therefore defined as the procedure which a alliance follows to identify different segments of user inside the market place who could be possibly tooshieed by using different products, services and other selling programs. Now a daylights goods and services are strictly developed by considering the wants and needs of a customer. Subsequently marketing segmentation is considered as an essential and central element of marketing for a company (Kamakura & Wedel, 2000, p.3). Now in the context of UK regional airlines segmentation lowlife play a major role for identifying the specific vexation segments as well as the consumer segments and also to boost the total number of footfalls. There are devil bases of market segmentation i.e. observable segmentation and unobservable segmentation. An observable segmentation include geographic, cul tural, demographic and socio economic segmentation. While on the other hand unobservable segmentation includes psychographic, values and personality segmentation (Businessmate, n.d.). Among the accessible types of segmentation the company can make use of demographic segmentation and geographical segmentation. The company needs to target small and medium business ventures and average income group individualist consumers. Therefore the company whitethorn strictly employ demographic segmentation in respect of statistics and income level. Now to target the business houses the company can offer them special prices and discounts for frequent travellers and bulk bookings. After making the segmentation and targeting the intended customers it becomes truly much vital for the company to arrangement it in the market. As set can be defined as how a company positions its product in the minds of the consumers (Ries, 2003, p.3). In this context it is recommended that the company must positio n itself as the carries which offers high facilities but at low cost. This will surely attract bulk customers if the positioning can be properly carried out. Benefits of Segmentation It has been described that Regional Airlines will target mainly individual consumers with average income level and small and medium business ventures. The benefits which will be availed by the company for pickings up this particular course of action are illustrated below. The company will be able to charge on the particular segments which will allow the marketing team to initiate different types marketing events and programs for the target group. This will also ensure in utilizing the allotted budget for marketing in the correct place. Since it becomes very much impossible to cater to each and every individual its always better to make segmentation (Themanager, n.d.). Therefore rather than going for a mass target the company can cater to a specific segment more efficiently. In such case the company ca n hugely box down its promotional cost, there will be no need of using all the acquirable promotional platforms, only which fits the requirement can be used. For example to target the business consumers the company can make use of business magazines apart from advertising in television. This will also help the company to undertake market expansion. Once a set of loyal customers are generated, the company can still expand domestically as well as in the other parts of

Government Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Government Contracts - Essay ExampleThe topics in this process include the persons who will be involved, how the process will be structured and where the real negotiations will take place. In the same way, the craft has to outline the whole process of government contracting and come up with an effective way on how to approach it (Stein, 2011).It is normally realized that participating in government contracts involves a lot of bureaucracy and a lot of procedures which must always be adhered to by the business. All these factors must be known before in order for the process to be effective. In any case, government contracts normally attract several(prenominal) parties and competition is therefore very stiff. The organization therefore needs to get acquainted with all the trading operations of the government relating to contracting. In the same way, every government contract comes with a series of rules and regulations which must be well understood. As a result, it is important to co nduct the pre-negotiation in order to ensure that everything is taken into estimate and nothing remains unattended. Without conducting pre-negotiations, it is normally seen that negotiations atomic number 18 bound to fail or become counterproductive. The process helps in reducing much of the conflicts that are normally realized in the actual negotiations process (Alston, 2005).Considering the importance of pre-negotiations antecedent to engaging in government contracts, it is normally viewed as part of the negotiations. Like the actual negotiation, pre-negotiation is normally conducted in specific submits in order to realize the objectives. The first stage involves definition of the problem the second stage involves showing commitment to the negotiation while the third stage involves arrangement of the negotiation process. The participants of the actual negotiations are selected in the pre-negotiation stages and the boundaries of the actual negotiations are also effectively dema rcated in the process. Most importantly, the agenda for the

A Report on the High Cost of College Education in America Essay

A Report on the High woo of College Education in America - Essay Example9 October, 10, 2011. Dr. Morgan Bill Joint University students union Washington, CO 456007 Dear Mr. Houston The union is submitting this report, due October, 10, 2011, that was requested by the education ministry. The report is entitled the High personify of College Education in America. The purpose of the report is to inform the stake holders in the education sector on the high cost of college tuition in America which has do a source of discouragement for students who would akin to have a high level of Education. It further emphasizes on the need work on the grueling of the cost of college tuition. The content of this report centers on the price of college education which is non equivalent to future salaries and is not worth all loans and credits acquired to fund education. Any questions concerning this report can be sought by contacting Mr. Morgan Bill, the union secretary, at 453-6897. Very truly yours, Morgan Bill, Secretary General. Executive summary The cost of college education in America has over years increasingly gone too high. High tuition fee charges in colleges is now proving to be the biggest problem facing college students, parents and sponsors. In this hard economic time, students and parents are now try a lot sourcing for funds to meet this high cost of tuition fee. This has ranged from sourcing school loans from banks and including selling of blank space assets to fund education. This trend has negatively impacted on the concerned parties to an extent where students have almost confounded hope for a better future. One very strong negative impact that has so far-off been noticed is the discouragement it has had on the students undertaking various courses in various universities. It is quite clear from studies conducted by this team that on completion of college education individuals who graduate hardly get well-paying jobs that match the cost incurred magic spell in college. Moreover, a greater percentage of the little money earned from these jobs end up creation used to repay the loans that were borrowed during school days leaving a minimal percentage for investment. This therefore renders a larger population of the newly employed and young hustling for their entire life. From these insights it is therefore paramount to consider the bellyache of the large young population and consider a thorough review of the entire fee hire systems in colleges with intent of lowering its cost for the benefit of the future generation. Methodology A sampled group of astir(predicate) 40 students from sampled universities and colleges in the United States of America were interviewed with a view of getting background information from the affect groups. Similarly, various employees who had just completed training was sampled and interviewed. The method selected aimed at collecting data that will modify the researchers identify the problem and propose pote ntial solutions. Findings The cost of college tuition for many colleges has over time become so expensive. The price for college studies has neither equated the future salary of those taking the courses nor has it equal the loans and many credits be spent on tuition fees. It is therefore imperative to present this report as a representation of passing a message of discontent and outcry facing parents and students who pay dearly to get precious education (Heller, 2001). The biggest problem for millions of people living in America while joining a college or university is

Response to short story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

receipt to short story - Essay ExampleClearly, it is blind approval of the draft that has made the lottery subprogram and parcel of the villagers lives and perpetuates annual murders in the form of ritual performances in the small town. People are a good deal intrinsically resistant to change and have become so submissive to their imposts that they fear a retrogression into primordial times upon the stoppage of the lottery.The lottery has transformed the villagers into inhumane creatures that they find it normal to kill so as to satisfy the demands of tradition. Sadly, none of the villagers can give a substantial reason for holding the lottery and having to kill someone whenever they are called upon. This clearly exposes the unconscious self that is driven by the power of tradition rather than the reasoning mind.Suppose the killers would take even a minute to challenge their action maybe no more deaths in the lottery would be experienced, but no one seems to dare inquisitive the tradition. To them it seems like their reason for living. Jacksons impugns the villagers reverence for this odd tradition by arguing that the villagers are even absorbed of the origin of the ritual that they hold so

Personal Responses to the Essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Personal Responses to the Essays - Essay ExampleThe walk, it turned out, provided the essence and meaning of her entire stay in japan yet ironically, nix was uttered or said during that brief (she could not even toy with how many minutes) togetherness with a antic under one umbrella, with the raindrops and the sound of their footsteps hitting the pavement providing the only effects in addition to the silence. The author concludes her narrative with a breath under suspension after the stranger disappeared instantly without a word leaving her in a state of mysterious shock. Shields is her usual self in finding the humanity in every aspect or event or perplex or circumstance where she ascribes meaning to even the most ordinary thing or activity much(prenominal) as sharing an umbrella with a complete stranger. One cannot resist admiring Shields consummate play of words and emotions as she moves from her treatment of ordinary, drab, inconsequential events and transforms them into meaningful encounters. I am completely taken by her figures of speech invaded me like a kind of flu a temporary vacuum that had nothing to do with Japan hypnotic walkingwalking towards the unimaginable. I photo-played the ordinariness of her stay in Japan based on her translation and I could sense her dryness, or maybe the dryness of the event she was describing and entangle her remorse as if I was there. It was as if she took me by the hand when she shifted to a colorful and rich description of that brief rain walk. I could even see or feel as being the lofty stranger holding up the umbrella for a womanhood and walking almost gingerly with somebody he does not know from Adam. I could see myself as the stranger quickly disappearing from the womans view as soon as we hit the sidewalk of the designated hotel, at the same condemnation experiencing the agony and perplexity of Shields after being left without any word, or cue whatsoever. It was Shields wielding her power and capac ity to put the reader in a similar state of suspension. Essay 2 Goodbye Muse, howdy Prada by Goran Simic (Harsent 84)

Managing Oneself by Peter Drucker Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Managing Oneself by Peter Drucker - Essay ExampleNow, distributively individual must assess ones own strengths and working style and match them with strength opportunities of work to find the best fit. In addition, it is important to see if personal values clash with the governments value system. Finally, it is important to understand that todays work environment is a bipartisan street and that the worker needs to continually see how he or she mass contribute positively while communicating well with colleagues. Identifying ones strengths is a tricky business. People imagine they dwell what they are good or bad at but they are mostly wrong. Drucker suggests using the feedback epitome to assess ones strengths by noting expected results at every decision point and whence matching them with actual results several months later. Through continued use of this method and assessing the results, it is possible to eventually slobber out areas where one is not good at and also to identi fy the strong areas of ones personality. It is important then to concentrate on improve on ones strengths and fill gaps in knowledge. In the process, one must differentiate between being intelligent and being knowledgeable. A big bucks of times, intelligent people place barriers upon themselves against gaining knowledge or communicating with others. Feedback will also reveal areas of gain by showing why certain bad habits result in unexpected results. Assessment of these factors and strengths can allow one to decide on which type of job one is suited for. The next shout is to identify ones own working style and see if the organization offers a tributary environment for such a style. For example, it is important to know whether one is a listener or a reader meaning whether it is easier to assimilate information by listening to people or by read it. President Lyndon Johnson made the mistake of keeping President Kennedys staff who prepared briefs for him in advance anymeeting.

Food industry Essay Example for Free

solid feed industry undertake viands is the most important element of merciful survival. Food contains essential nutrients the human body requires to intake. From vitamins to calories, vindicatory a few of the nutrients that make a body function. Without nutrition there is no survival however, the style food is processed in America today, Ameri shags might as well be deadened. Furthermore, unhealthy products scarf out Americas food supply. A vast majority of these products atomic number 18 highly processed foods. super processes foods ar extremely dangerous to ones health (Squires). Process foods cause severe abuse to the human body and furthermore lead to illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol. (Squires). The way Food is fabricate in America today causes numerous of illness and sometimes death. Therefore, the join States Food and medicate politics must rigorously regulate the food industry to efficiently maintain the safety of food. There ar e three vital motives why the Food and Drug arrangement must regulate the process of food. First, without stricter regulation, the note of the pedigree industry give steeply celestial latitude.Second, if not regulated, the high usage of high fruit sugar clavus syrup pass on expand to increase. Lastly, if the Food and Drug organisation does not regulate the process of food, the foundation of genetically limited food will continue to occur. In all, the Food and Drug face must rigorously regulate the livestock industry to preserve health of America. The unify States Food and Drug boldness must rigorously regulate living creature factories to effectively maintain the safety of meat. The Food and Drug Administration tidy sumnot allow animal factories to deliberately contaminant the food supply.By allowing existing regularitys to continue, it puts all consumers at swell risk. Currently, animal factories utilize disgusting methods to minimize cost and maximize profit (Th ey consume What). These horrific methods harp of purposely distorting the nature of animal sacrifice (They feed in What). The Union of Concerned Scientists published an article They Eat What? where they expose the animal factories of their horrific acts. The Union of Concerned Scientists state, Mevery of the ingredients used in feed these old age are not the kind of food the animals are designed by nature to eat(They Eat What).This establishes that factories do what ever they desire disregarding the disgraceful effects it can impose on animals allow alone on human heath. Animals by nature are not supposed to consume the system of the same species however, factories continue to do so, as it maximizes profit by utilizing all parts on an animal (They Eat What). Diseased animals, same species meat, skin, blood, manure, and unhealthy portions of grain are all items consisting in animal feed (They Eat What). Furthering the argument, the Union of Concerned Scientists added.Animal f eed legally can contain rendered road kill, dead horses, and euthanized cats and dogs (They Eat What). This low example production of animal feed is simply repulsive. If the Food and Drug Administration do not enforce stricter regulations on the animal factories, still fatal side effects will follow. Serious human health concerns will steeply arise if this unacceptable method to nurture livestock continues. The outburst of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy also known as mad cow affection is a great example. Mad cow disease is a transmissible form of brain damage that occurs when rendered cattle are federal official back to cattle.(They Eat What). This disease is extremely dangerous as it can be spread to humans. Humans can obtain a form of mad cow disease by consuming meat products that carry the disease (They Eat What). The Food and Drug Administration have interpreted steps in banning any methods that lead to mad cow disease. However, their lack of effectiveness has created of loophole in the system and animal factories are taking full advantage. The Union of Concerned Scientists presented evidence exposing the loophole in the Food and Drug Administration regulations.The Union of Concerned Scientists assert, Under current law, pigs, chickens, and turkeys that have been fed rendered cattle can be rendered and fed back to cattlea loophole that may allow mad cow agents to give healthy cattle (They Eat What). This is unacceptable. The Food and Drug Administration inherent purpose is to regulate any methods that cause vilify to human beings, yet the fail to do so. It is unjust for the Food and Drug Administration to purposely allow the livestock industry to taint the production of meat.Therefore, if the Food and Drug Administration do not enforce stricter regulations the safety of livestock will only decline at extreme rank. However, there are other motives why the Food and Drug Administration must regulate the process of food. The United States Food and D rug Administration must rigorously regulate the amount of high levulose corn whisky whiskey whiskey syrup used in food products, as it unsafe to consume. High fructose corn syrup is a cheaper form of crotchet derived from corn (Stossel). High fructose corn syrup is the ubiquitous sweetener in American products, as it is extremely inexpensive to produce (Stossel).Furthermore, the excessive usage of high fructose corn syrup has become the greatest contributor to the epidemic of cardiovascular disease (Flavin). Cardiovascular disease is the primary reason for premature death in America (Flavin). Cardiovascular diseases consist of obesity, diabetes, heart and kidney disease (Flavin). In modern America, the consumption of high fructose corn syrup has drastically increased. Sally Squires, a writer for the cap Post wrote an article Stealth Calories where she exposed the high usage of high fructose corn syrup. Squires reveals, Since the introduction of high-fructose corn syrup in 1966 , U.S. consumption has reached about 60 pounds per person per year. (Squires). This is ridiculous. down such immense masses of high fructose corn syrup severely contributes to fatal diseases. No matter what processed food item an individual decides to eat, the common ingredient is high fructose corn syrup (Squires). High fructose corn syrup has flooded the food industry and continues to grow. The United States Food and Drug Administration must step in and regulate the amount of high fructose corn syrup a company applies to its products. If regulations are not enforced, the doses of high fructose corn syrup will continue to increase.Barry M. Popkin, a nutrition professor for The University of North Carolina, has published an article in the American journal of Clinical Nutrition that widely display the dangers of sugar-sweetened drinks. Popkin states, The increase in consumption of HFCS has a temporal analogy to the epidemic of obesity, and the overconsumption of HFCS in calorically sweetened beverages may play a role in the epidemic of obesity(Qtd. in Hyman). Thus, it can be established that consuming large amounts of high fructose corn syrup does and so lead to obesity. High fructose corn syrup is absorbed quicker than regular sugar.As a resultant, high fructose corn syrup prevents the body from signalizing that it is full and thus leads to (Hyman). Therefore, by exceeding the standard caloric intake, symptoms of obesity quickly arise. Hence, it is evident that The United States Food and Drug Administration must strictly control the amount of high fructose corn syrup a company applies to its products. However, there are other important reasons why the Food and Drug Administration must regulate the food industry. The United States Food and Drug Administration must rigorously regulate genetically special foods because they are unsafe.genetically modified foods are engineered foods that have been deeply depraved as a result of genetic revise (Heit). Further more, genetic alterations consist of extracting genes from other plants or animals and inserting them in the chosen product to produce desired traits (Heit). However, this method has severely tainted the healthiness of food. A vast number of studies have linked genetically modified foods in an extensive variety of health problems, ranging from organ damage to immune dysfunction (Gutierrez). Not only are genetically modified foods harmful to animals, they can also be harmful to humans.David Gutierrez a provide writer for the Natural News wrote an article Doctors Warn About Dangers of Genetically Modified Food where he exposed the fatal flaws of genetically modified foods. Gutierrez states, Animals consuming crops that have been genetically modified to produce the pesticide Bt (approved for human consumption in the United States) have died by the thousands, while animals grazing on a non-GM reading material of the same crops remained unharmed(Gutierrez). This evidence is overwhelmin g. If genetically modified foods are fatal to animals, one can sustain that this harm will carry over to human beings.Animals are dying at exponential rates as a result of consuming genetically modified foods yet the United States continues to allow these methods of production to occur. By allowing the production of genetically modified foods, the fatality rates of animals and humans will continue to escalate. Hence, it can be established that consuming these genetically modified products drastically increases the probability of developing a fatal disease. Therefore, the United States cannot allow these food production methods to continue.In addition, scientific experiments have shown numerous rats suffer as a result of consuming genetically modified foods (Gutierrez). Through extensive observations, it has been revealed that fe staminate rats that have been fed genetically modified foods experience a drastically higher infant death rate (Gutierrez). Likewise, male rats suffer as t here testicles change from a pink to a blue color (Gutierrez). As long as the food supply is produced by means of genetic modification, food will continue to mutate genes in a destructive ways. Therefore, it is evident that genetically modified foods will severely harm humans.Similarly, additional analyses have indicated that genetically modified foods contain significantly higher concentrations of allergens and toxins (Gutierrez). As a result of genetic mixing, the allergens and toxins of one item are transferred to the other (Smith). Hence, by consuming genetically modified foods, mysterious allergic reactions can occur (Smith). In recent research, scientists have found high dosage of peanut vine protein in soybeans (Smith). Consequently, an individual who is allergic to peanuts can have an allergic reaction by consuming soybeans (Smith).This is absurd. Consumers are blindly digesting products that may be deadly to their health. It is unjust for consumers to endure an allergic r eaction as a result of genetic mutation. Therefore, the United States Food and Drug Administration must regulate genetically modified products to preserve the health of consumers. In all, the safety of all food in America is in a crucial situation. The United States Food and Drug Administration must rigorously regulate factories, scientists and other food manufactories to preserve the health of American consumers.If not regulated, the safety of livestock and crops will only steeply decline and thus affecting the health of human beings. The diseases of mad cow disease, fatal allergies caused by genetically modified crops, and high usage of high fructose corn syrup are the greatest concerns for the Food and Drug Administration. Therefore it is evident that the United States Food and Drug Administration must rigorously regulate the food industry to efficiently maintain the safety of food. Works Cited Dana Flavin. Metabolic Danger of High- levulose Corn Syrup. Life point of reference M agazine. Life Extension. Dec 2008. Web. 1 June 2013. David Gutierrez. Doctors Warn About Dangers Of Genetically Modified Food. Natural News. Truth publish International. 25 Feb 2010. Web. 28 may 2013. Jeffery Heit. Genetically Engineered Foods. Medline Plus. N. p. 7 May 2012. Web. 28 May 2013. Jeremy Smith. Genetically Engineered Foods May Cause Rising Food Allergies. Institute for Responsible Technology. N. p. May 2007. 30 May 2013. Mark Hyman. The Not-So-Sweet religion About High Fructose Corn Syrup. Huffington Healthy Living. The Huffington post. 16 May 2011. Web. 29 June 2013. Richard Stossel. The Dangers of High Fructose Corn Syrup. Natural News. Truth Publishing International. 11 Oct 2008. Web. 28 May 2013. Sally Squires. Stealth Calories. The Washington Post.The Washington Post Company. 6 Feb 2007. Web. 1 June 2013. They Eat What. Union of Concered Scientists. SIRS Issues Researcher. 8 Aug 2006. Web. 27 May 2013. 65 Health Risks of GM Foods. Institute for Responsib le Technology. N. p. N. d. Web. 1 June 2013.

Improving the processes of patient care to improve outcomes Essay Example for Free

Improving the processes of patient c atomic number 18 to purify outcomes EssayImproving the processes of patient c are to improve outcomes is fundamental to quality patient care and requires skills in wobble management.Porter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. leading in treat practise (p. 3). Jones bartlett pear Learning. Kindle Edition. The term innovation, rather than alternate, is often used to gain attention and infer that something sassy and special is happening. One ofPorter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in care for enforce (p. 4). Jones bartlett pear Learning. Kindle Edition. the reasons there are significant variations in the descriptions of change and innovation can be attributed to the various underlying assumptions about the environs and the nature of change. Porter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in treat Practice (p. 4). Jones Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. Linear change does non recognize the multiple, unanticipated human actions and com munications that occur and the dynamic context in which the change is occurring. As a consequence, the linear perspective often becomes rigid, control driven, frustrating, and unsuccessful.Porter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 5). Jones Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. The world is in continual motion, and movement occurs in more than linear ways. A change in one area can result in numerous, unanticipated changes in areas not considered.Porter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 5). Jones Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. Interactions in a complexity perspective are characterized by creativity, interdependence, unpredictability, and collective knowledge.Porter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 6). Jones Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. Change is Something bleak or different To make or become different To alter to make different to ride to pass from one state to another as, to change the position, character, orPorter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 6). Jones Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. appearance of a thing to change the countenance To alter by modify something else for, or by giving up for something else as, to change the clothes to change ones stock to change ones intention To give and take reciprocally to exchange followed by with as, to change place, or hats, or money, with another Source Websters Dictionary (1991). Innovation is Anything that creates new resources, processes, or determine or improves a companys existing resources, processes, or values (Christensen, Anthony, Roth, 2004) The power to define the labor the effort to create purposefully focused changed inPorter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 6). Jones Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. an enterprises economic or social potentialPorter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 6). Jones Bartle tt Learning. Kindle Edition. evidence-based practice, linkages between clinical practice and scientific standards, the quest for consistency, minimizing idiosyncrasies, and providing a scientific basis for policy construction are the basic reasons for a change in health care. exploitation an evidence-driven model serves to provide focus and organization of change initiatives evidence-based practice is the platform for nurses work.Porter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 10). Jones Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. chaos is normative in health care.Porter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 14). Jones Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. Personal knowledge and accountability for ones own strengths and limitations special to change and innovation, including technical capability and computer literacy Understanding the essence of change and innovation concepts as wellhead as the tools of innovation The ability to collaborate and fully engage team members that is, relational competenciesPorter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 14). Jones Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition. Competence in embracing vulnerability and risk takingPorter-OGrady, Tim Malloch, Kathy. Leadership in Nursing Practice (p. 14). Jones Bartlett Learning. Kindle Edition.

Dominos Pizza Essay Example for Free

dominos pizza pie EssayBefore 2007, wheat prices didnt ware a pulse. Wed buy for the conterminous hexad months and the price would be plus or minus 10 cents a bushel eitherwhere the last six months. Then one mean solar day in 2008 wheat shot up $24 a bushel Now, as a norm, we strategic completelyy consider corn, dairy, and wheat to better leverage our fork out chain expertise and improve monetary fund economics. John Macksood, executive frailness president, dominos pizza pie On the morning of August 22, 2011, John Macksood, executive vice president for tote up chain service at dominos pizza pie, Inc. ( dominos), was narration the daily headlines while sitting in his office at the half masks World Resource place, the confederacys planetary headquarters in Ann Arbor, Michigan. half masks was the worlds second- hand nighst pizza keep ships confederacy and the largest pizza pitching quick-serve anticipateaurant (QSR) chain. One relic in particular jumped o ut at Macksood. An article, tit lead Quiznos chain faces tough finance issues, indicated that Denver-based Quiznos, a in camera induceed QSR sandwich company with 4,000 U. S. stores, was nearing bankruptcy due to sharpening competition, waning gross sales, and debt woes.1 One of the problems cited was Quiznos protracted booking with its dealershipes all oer operating costs and positiveness, with some immunityes blaming low or nonexistent store profit margins on Quiznos requirement that they buy diet for thought at allegedly above-market prices from a Quiznos-mandated supplier ne twork. 2 Analysts as well as satanic Quiznos problems on rising commodity prices, which had dramatically increased the cost of raw ingredients. As Macksood finished reading the article, he felt proud to have been part of a classify at eye masks that had proactively responded when the prices of wheat, corn, and dairy soared in 2007 and 2008.Since indeed, half masks senior leadership met on the last Thursday of each month to discuss the commodity market outlook and decide how purchasing decisions and supplier relationships should be managed in an increasingly volatile market. The goal of this strategic effort was to maintain an efficient run chain, competitive prices, and tone of voice circuit board items. Now in 2011, we have become a well-informed group that is more well-to-do with how we manage risk, Macksood remarked. eye masks approach to managing risk and costs both within the company-owned internal render chain scheme and at the store level was critical to its approximately 1,150 U.S. franchisees that collectively owned and proceedd 4,475 domestic stores in 2010. As a company built around a franchise model, dominoswhich itself only owned 454 stores, all in the U. S. was at the heart a ply chain and carry management melody focuse on supporting the franchised stores. We call our headquarters the World Resource Center because dominos truly operates as a support remains and resource for all of our franchisees, express J. Patrick Doyle, CEO and president of eye masks. There is a reason we drilled through four tales of concrete to construct a pizza store as the centerpiece of a Professor David E.Bell, Research unite Phillip Andrews, Global Research Group, and Agri melodic line Program Director Mary Sh elman prepared this case. HBS cases are developed wholly as the basis for class discussion. Cases are not int residuumed to serve as endorsements, sources of original data, or illustrations of effective or ineffective management. Copyright 2011, 2012 President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to regorge materials, call 1800-545- 7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to www. hbsp. harvard.edu/educators.This publication m ay not be digitized, photocopied, or otherwise reproduced, posted, or transmitted, without the permission of Harvard Business School. 512-00 4 half masks pizza pie bran- naked atrium inside the World Resource Center. Not only do we use it to train all of our collective employees to operate a dominos store, but its visibility serves as a constant reminder that our argument hinges on the success of each and every one of our franchised stores. Maintaining cost control was vitally most-valuable for half masks and the success of its franchisees stores.The U. S. pizza market was advancedly competitive, with both chains and independent florists chrysanthemum and pop pizza stores battling for customers. The recent economic conditions had made the fight even fiercer with some recession-weary diners trading in pizza spoken communication for less-expensive frozen offerings from the grocer. 3 As such, companies like dominos could not exactly pass increased costs on to consumers by raising the price of a pizza. half masks was ahead of the curve when we first reacted to how a changing market would affect our put up chain costs, Macksood said. bonds that didnt take a preemptive approach are hurting and independent pizza shops that have little influence over the price they pay for goods are really suffering. In 2010 half masks al-Quraned annual spherical retail sales of $6. 2 one million million million, the highest in company history and a 23% increase since 2006. 1 Domestically, the company saw room for another 1,000 stores in the U. S. market and the hazard to increase sales through the addition of new posting items and by targeting different eating occasions.For example, eye masks had begun to pursue a larger share of the lunch market by introducing sandwiches and pasta dishes to contend with Subway and Pizza Hut. This, however, meant that Dominos historically simple menu would continue to expand with new ingredients, complexity, and costs that Macksoods team would have to manage. (See render 1 for U. S. same-store sales harvest-home and store counts. ) outside the U. S. , Dominos had i dentified many markets where the number of stores could be increased significantly. Internationally, Dominos use a master franchise brass that awarded a franchise for an entire country or sphere to one entity.This embarrassd the master franchisees right to operate its own submit-chain system. Macksood and his team had to lay how to deal the companys domestic purchasing and supply management capabilities, and particularly its commodity pricing knowledge, to the rest of the world. As global commodity prices showed no signs of dropping, Macksood and others at Dominos wondered if they should attempt to implement global buying for some point of intersection categories or develop supply chain partnerships with some or all of the master franchisees in order to control costs and reduce risks across the global cave inmark.Company reach In 1960, brothers Tom and James Monaghan borrowed $500 to purchase the Dominicks pizza store in Ypsilanti, Michigan. 4 After just a year in the piz za business, James traded his interest in the business to Tom for a Volkswagen Beetle. As the sole owner of the company, Tom renamed the business Dominos Pizza, Inc. The company awarded its first franchise license in 1967 and the first franchised store was clear in Ypsilanti. Dominos continued to license an increasing number of franchisees which led to the brands growth regionally and indeed nationally.Dominos first world-wide franchise license was granted in 1983 for a store in Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. By the end of 1983, 1,000 Dominos stores were in operation. When Macksood joined the company in 1986 as the general manager of the North Carolina regional supply chain center, Dominos had just opened 954 U. S. units during the previous year, making it the fastest-growing pizza company in the country. Unlike its primary competitor Pizza Hut, Dominos cerebrate on pizza words and customer carryout and did not traditionally offer dine-in seating field of studys.As such, Tom Mo naghan was dedicated to 1 Global retail sales represented sales by company-owned stores and franchised stores. 2 Dominos Pizza 512-004 ensuring the skill of Dominos delivery service. Despite the brands rapid growth, Monaghan kept the menu simple compared to other quick-serve restaurants. From Dominos founding until 1989, the menu consisted of just one type of hand-tossed pizza dirty money available in two sizings (12-inch small and 16-inch large), 11 hookping choices, and bottled Coca-Cola as the only beverage option.The first menu expansion occurred in 1989 when Dominos introduced deep-dish pizza after market research showed that 40% of U. S. pizza customers preferred thicker crusts. The companys first non-pizza item, breadsticks made from Dominos hand-tossed pizza abrasion, was added to the menu in 1992. In 1993 industriousness trends led Dominos to add medium and extra-large sized pizzas and to introduce thin-crust dough in 1994, the menu was modify even further with the int roduction of chicken wings. Still, the menu remained simple so as to streamline end product and maximize economies of scale on purchases of principal ingredients.While changes to the Dominos menu were in reaction to consumer preferences and competitors offerings, Dominos had led the competition in innovations that with snip became standard in the industry. Dominos was the first to utilize the belt-driven pizza oven, which had one temperature setting and a conveyor belt that continuously go items through the oven, which resulted in unvarying and effortless baking. Dominos invented the spoodle, which was a cross between a spoon and a ladle, in 1985 to help reduce the while it took to sauce a pizza (see Exhibit 2 for photos).Dominos was also the first major pizza chain to replace woody and stainless steel pizza cooking trays with pizza screens that allowed for more even baking. To make sure that its pizzas arrived hot, the company was the first of the major pizza chains to use c orrugated cardboard pizza boxes in the sixties rather than thinner (and less expensive) boxes. Dominos took its commitment to hot pizza a pace further in 1998 when it developed the Heat Wave electrical delivery bag to keep pizza hot during transit.Between 1986 and 1993, Dominos guaranteed that customers would receive their pizzas within 30 minutes of placing an order or they would get $3. 00 off. In 1999, with more than 6,500 stores in operationincluding more than 1,700 stores outside the U. S. Monaghan sold 93% of the company to Bain Capital for almost $1 billion and retired as CEO. 5 Bain installed David Brandon, the former head of Michigan-based marketing self-coloured Valassis Communications, as president and CEO. While Brandon continued to focus on store operations, he also emphasise the importance of building the Dominos brand.This include better definition and consistent execution of the consumer brand experience across every elementfrom stores, to trucks, to peopleas Dom inos sought to renovate its global expansion. In 2004, Dominos was first recognized as the track pizza delivery company in the U. S. based on reported consumer spending, a title the company held ever since. In July 2004, the company completed an IPO and began trading common stock on the New York Stock transpose (symbol DPZ). Over the next quintuplet years, Dominos expanded its outside(a) footprint from 2,987 franchised stores in 2005 to 4,422 by 2010.Changes were also made to the companys marketing strategy beginning in September 2008 when Russell Weiner was chartered from Pepsi-Cola to serve as Dominos executive vice president of Build the Brand and capitulum marketing officer. Weiner guided Dominos away from its traditional practice of using price-driven limited time promotional offers, which created temporary sales spikes, and instead focused on developing new permanent product platforms that could be promoted through advertising. New offerings such as Dominos Oven-Baked Sa ndwiches and BreadBowl Pastas were permanently added to the menu with the design of creating sustained sales increases.In 2010, Dominos delivered approximately 400 million pizzas in the U. S. , chronicle for 71% of its U. S. pizza sales (the other 29% came from carryout) and generated record system-wide revenue of $1. 5 billion, of which $1. 4 billion came from domestic operations. (See Exhibit 3a and 3b for company 3 512-004 Dominos Pizza financial reports. ) Doyle, a 13-year Dominos veteran who took over from Brandon as CEO in March 2010, was proudest of the increase in same-store sales,2 which were up 9. 9% domestically and 6.9% internationally. This is a tremendous feat for any brand, especially one that is 50-years old, he remarked. In 2010, Forbes ranked Dominos the number one franchise for the money and Pizza Today, a leading industry publication, named Dominos the chain of the year, an honor that was repeated in 2011. 6 By July 2011, Dominos had grown to 9,436 company-owne d and franchised stores in all 50 U. S. states and across 65 international markets, making it the second-largest pizza company in the world behind Yum Brands Pizza Hut.Dominos had approximately 10,900 employees, referred to as team members, spread across company-owned stores, supply chain centers, the World Resource Center, and regional offices. The company estimated that another 185,000 individuals were employ by independent Dominos franchisees worldwide. For the first time in Dominos history, international retail sales eclipsed U. S. sales in the second quarter of 2011 when overseas markets generated 51% of total company sales.The U. S. Quick-Serve Pizza Industry In 2010 there were 67,554 pizza stores in the U.S. , which represented 12% of all restaurants in the market. 7 Franchised or chain stores made up 60% of the units and generated half of the revenue the remainder came from individually owned stores, which were often referred to as mom and pops. 8 (See Table A for a list o f the top U. S. -based chains. ) Independent pizza shops had always been a strong source of competition for consumer dollars even though these (usually) undivided units did not have the purchasing power or the advertising big businessman of the large chains.The pizza business in the U. S.generated $34 billion in sales revenues in 2010, accounting for 10% of all food industry sales. 9 Roughly two-thirds of the annual pizza segment revenue came from the pizza delivery business where Dominos led the competition with 19. 8% of delivery sales. Table A Leading U. S. -based Pizza Chains, 2010 U. S. Sales ($ billions) $5. 0 $3. 3 $2. 1 $1. 1 Share of U. S. Market 14% 8% 6% 3% U. S. Units 7,566 4,929 2,781 2,500 International Units 5,715 4,475 688 200 Percent Franchised 84% 95% 82% 81% Company Pizza Hut Dominos Pizza Papa Johns Pizza Little Caesars germJonathan Maze, 2010 Franchise Times Top 200 Franchise Systems, Franchise Times, October 2011, http//www. franchisetimes. com/content/page. php? page=00138, accessed September 2011 and, Dominos company documents. Dominos U. S. Franchise Structure From the time Monaghan signed the first Dominos franchise agreement in 1967, a central tenet of its strategy was to make it as easy as possible for franchisees and store managers to run their stores. 2 Same-store sales growth was a statistic used by retailers and industry analysts to compare sales at stores that had been open for a year or more.It allowed investors to determine what portion of sales came from sales growth and what portion came from the opening of new stores. Although new stores were a arbitrary factor, a saturation pointwhere future sales growth was determined by same-store sales growth and not simply the addition of new unitseventually occurred. 4 Dominos Pizza 512-004 Dominos had developed a cost-effective business model with low capital requirements, a focused menu of affordable pizza and other complementary items, and an interior specially designed to sup port delivery and carry-out.At the store level, we believe that the simplicity and efficiency of our operations gives us significant advantages over our competitors, who in many cases, like Pizza Hut, also focus on dine-in, said Stan The Pizza Guy Gage, vice president for training and development. Dominos domestic stores and the majority of its international locations did not have extensive dine-in champaigns which cut costs for space, furnishings, and staff. As a result, Dominos stores were small, averaging approximately 1,200 to 1,500 square feet in size with 15 to 20 employees.The units were comparatively inexpensive to build, furnish, and maintain. The amount of capital investment required to open and operate a new Dominos franchise location amountd $150,000 to $250,000, which was considered low in the QSR segment. The average Dominos U. S. franchisee owned and operated three to four stores, and many had only one or two. At the end of 2010, only seven franchisees owned 50 or more stores with the largest domestic franchise operating receipts stores.This was different from many QSR franchise models in the U. S., which often awarded franchises on a regional basis with one franchisee owning many or all of the locations in a metropolitan area or state. Rather than arrogant a region, a Dominos franchisee was granted a specified delivery radius. The size of this delivery area was based on the ability to deliver a pizza from the store to the customers door in 10 minutes or less. To protect the brand, Dominos placed relentless standards on its franchisees such as usually requiring prospects to manage a Dominos store for at least one year before they were granted a franchise.Generally, Dominos also certified franchisees from pursuing active, outside business endeavors so as to align the interests and success of the franchisees with that of the brand. Based on these two factors, the vast majority of Dominos U. S. franchisees had historically come from within t he Dominos system many started as a Dominos delivery driver. Under a Dominos franchise agreement, the owner was granted the right to exclusively operate in a particular area for a term of 10 years with an option to renew for an additional 10 years.In 2010, the average length of Dominos relationship with its top 50 franchisees was 19. 5 years. Dominos franchise contract renewal rate was over 99% and its collection rate on domestic franchise royalties and supply chain receivables was also over 99%. Each franchisee had discretion over the prices charged to its customers with some national sales promotions set at the corporate level. Domestic franchisees paid Dominos a 5. 5% royalty fee on weekly sales3 and until 2009 made contributions to fund marketing and advertising at the national and local level, which varied by market.In 2009, all domestic franchisees amended their franchise agreements to include a flat marketing contribution of 5. 5%. As such, franchisees were no longer required to give to regional or local level advertising campaigns, although they were allowed to if they desired. (See Exhibit 4 for details of initial and ongoing franchisee costs). In 2010, average reported annual EBITDA per domestic franchise store was between $50,000 and $75,000 on average annual sales volume of $650,000 per unit.3 The royalties generated by Dominos franchise system, which include its U.S. and international franchisees, generated a steady stream of free cash. Dominos used this free cash come to reinvest in the company, such as funding technology enhancements and supply chain improvements, and also to buy okay debt, repurchase stock, and pay dividends.5 512-004 Dominos Pizza U. S. Supply Chain System The supply chain system was the hub of Dominos U. S. franchise model. Domestic franchisees were free to source and purchase their own menu ingredients and supplies as long as the items were approved by Dominos and sourced from approved suppliers.However, the system had ea rned Dominos a strong and dedicated following among its domestic franchisees in 2011, over 99% of them choose to be customers of the Dominos supply chain. As such, Dominos provided virtually all of the companys 4,900 U. S. stores with over 240 individual products including fresh pizza dough, menu ingredients such as cheese and pepperoni, and store supplies ranging from delivery boxes to change products and toilet paper.Macksood explained how the U. S.supply chain created value Our centralised purchasing, vertically combine dough manufacturing, and nation-wide dispersal system allows us to leverage Dominos combined volume to bring home the bacon economies of scale and lower costs, and to tightly control quality. This system allows store managers to focus on store operations and customer service rather than worrying about making dough, grating cheese, and preparing toppings and sourcing other ingredients. This enhances our relationship with franchisees and ensures that every Dom inos customer gets a great pizza. Supply Chain System.Dominos supply chain system was comprised of 19 facilities located in 15 states, which allowed for nationwide coverage. Of these facilities, 16 were regional dough manufacturing and supply chain centers (SCC). Dominos also operated three other supply chain facilities, which included an equipment and supply distribution center 25 miles east of the World Resource Center in Michigan, a fresh produce facility in Georgia that supplied some franchisees with cut vegetables, and a pressedproduct plant in Illinois that manufactured thin-crust dough for distribution to the 16 SCCs.4 (See Exhibit 5 for map and details of U. S. supply chain system. ) Domestic franchisees were required to purchase and use the companys Pulse point-of-sale computing device system. This system was used for taking customer orders, submitting store orders to their designated SCC, and for connecting with the Dominos network. The Pulse system included forecasting s oftware that allowed store managers and owners to track inventory and sales to customers.This differed from the forecasting tools utilized by Dominos at its SCCs, which tallied total product and raw ingredient sales made to franchisees. This information was then used by a group of team members at the World Resource Center who conducted centralized replenishment of all 16 SCCs in the system. Each SCC manufactured fresh dough on a daily basis and served about 300 stores located within a one-day delivery radius. Each Dominos store received an average of two full-service food deliveries per week, amounting to 515,000 total system-wide deliveries in 2010.Stores placed their orders for doughwhich had a seven-day shelf lifeand food and other supplies electronically via Pulse, usually by 500pm. SCCs real began manufacturing dough at 500am using an internal forecast. Dominos fleet of 200 chartered tractor-trailers were loaded in the early evening and rolled out of the SCCs starting between 900pm and 1000pm. Drivers unloaded food and supplies at the stores, stocked coolers and shelves (rotating items so older products would be used first), and even mopped the floor if they had tracked in mud or snow.Deliveries were typically made in the middle of the night to 4 Dominos pressed-product facility produced thin-crust dough that was parbaked (e. g. , cooked for roughly 80% of the normal cooking time and then rapidly cooled and frozen) for distribution to the 16 SCCs. 6 Dominos Pizza 512-004 minimize disruptions to store operations. Dominos guaranteed delivery within 48 hours of when the order was placed and the company regularly achieved an on-time delivery deed rate of 95%, with the majority of orders delivered within 24 hours.Gage explained that ordering through Dominos offered one-stop shopping and other benefits The supply chain eliminates many of the typical back-of-store activities that our competitors managers must undertakesuch as figuring out which supplier has t he best price on cooking oil or what cleaning supplies to order. The single most important person in Dominos is the store manager and this system allows them to focus on the quality and consistency of menu items and customer service. New franchisees were exposed to the efficiency of the supply chain system long before their first fresh dough order was placed with a SCC.The equipment and supply chain center was the first stop for franchisees worldwide. There, store owners could buy capital items such as ovens, coolers, pizza preparation areas, yields and fixtures, signage, and other large equipment as well as re-use items including delivery bags, uniforms, small wares, and promotional materials. The operation was born out of the concept of selling and shipping a pizza store in a box, a model that dates back to the beginning of the company, explained Jim Murabito, vice president of product management.With an inventory of over 2,500 individual SKUs, this facility is a one-stop shop ab le to supply our franchisees with everything they need to set-up, open, and operate a Dominos location. Adding Value Dominos domestic menu reached its largest and most diverse state in 2010 when the company offered four different pizza crusts, over 25 topping choices, eight oven-baked sandwich options, five pasta dishes, two types of chicken, two styles of breadsticks, and two baked dessert options.(See Exhibit 6a and 6b for Dominos menu items.) Menu prices across the highly competitive pizza delivery industry were relatively identical therefore, the major pizza chains had to differentiate themselves based on taste, quality, and customer experience. Dominos helped franchisees maintain consistent quality while improving store economics using various tools, including the spoodle and the pizza oven that Dominos had designed. Another important piece of equipment was the makeline station, which served as the assembly line for a pizza.The make-line, which was a metal counter with contain ers and refrigeration for ingredients and toppings, had been designedand was continually being updatedto support speedy pizza making. For example, a refrigerated cheese catch tray under the counteranother Dominos proprietary designallowed pizza makers to cursorily spread shredded cheese on a pizza without worrying about food waste. As a result, Dominos head pizza trainer could prepare a pizza (e. g. , drop off and shape the fresh dough ball, apply sauce, and top with cheese and pepperoni) in 24 seconds.These tools allow stores to systematically produce menu items that meet the Dominos standard and delivery those items in the fast, efficient flair that is required for success in the pizza delivery segment, explained Murabito. In fact, the only piece of cooking equipment in a Dominos store was the belt-driven oven there were no microwaves or stoves. This meant that all of the items on Dominos domestic menupizzas, chicken, sandwiches, pasta, bread, and dessertshad been designed to c ook at approximately 500 degrees Fahrenheit for six minutes.Not only were Dominos franchisees attracted to the companys domestic supply chain for its efficiency and consistency their participation was also encouraged through a profit-sharing sight. Generally, Dominos shared 50% of the pre-tax profits generated by its regional dough manufacturing and SCCs with the domestic franchisees who purchased all of their ingredients and supplies from the company. While franchisees were allowed to opt out of the supply chain with 7 512-004 Dominos Pizza notice, doing so would eliminate their right to profit sharing. participate franchisees were allocated a profit share based on the volume of their purchases from SCCs. This profit sharing reached a record level in 2010 and continued to strengthen Dominos ties with its franchise network by enhancing franchisees profitability while maintaining a source of revenue and earnings for Dominos, noted Macksood. The greatest advantage of this arrangement is that it brings us closer to our franchisees and encourages us to work together to reduce costs and food waste. Macksood provided an example of how his group responded to franchise playback With nine product groups accounting for 90% of sales volume in our supply chain, our biggest quarrel is managing an increasing variety of ingredients. When pasta was introduced to the menu, we began supplying a cheese sauce that was packaged in a one-pound bag. Within a few months, franchisees reported that the amount was more than needed to meet their daily sales volume, which forced them to throw away product. We experimented with smaller packaging options and eventually settled on individual portion-sized packs.littler packaging is more expensive for us, but it creates less food waste for our franchisees. In addition to allowing Dominos to work closely with franchisees to manage costs and gain product feedback, the supply chain also helped the company respond to natural disasters that cou ld disrupt store sales. When Hurricane Katrina struck the U. S. Gulf Coast in 2005, Dominos quickly placed trailers at stores that were destroyed or without electricity, allowing franchisees to feed rescue workers and displaced citizens.According to Macksood, Dominos stores in the area were the last QSRs to close before the storm and the first to re-open. In the time since the hurricane, Dominos encouraged franchisees in the area to build new stores that would be hurricane ready with generators, an extra-large cooler, and the ability to reopen quickly. In February 2011, an ice storm paralyzed usually snow-free Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas, just days before the area played host to the Super Bowl. Super Bowl Sunday was historically the pizza delivery industrys busiest day of the year.The company was expecting to sell 1. 2 million pizzas nationwide with especially strong aim across the 123 stores serving the Dallas-Fort Worth market. 10 It was customary for SCC managers to monitor meteoro logical reports in their respective distribution regions. By doing so in this instance, the supply chain system was able to proactively position extra resources and make early deliveries when warned about the pending Texas storm, allowing Dominos to meet customer demand on the day of the game. The Agricultural Commodity Market and Dominos Suppliers.Historically, the agricultural commodity marketalthough cyclicalhad been relatively stable and predictable. This continued to be the case even as prices for corn, milk, soybean oil, and wheat rose steady from 2000 to 2005. However, global commodity prices soared in 2007 and 2008 due to record high oil prices, severe weather events, food security fears, and trade restrictions. The price of wheat, corn, rice, and oilseed crops nearly doubled. Some pricing relief came in latish 2008 and in 2009 when the most serious global economic recession since the 1930s dampened demand.However, prices rose again at the beginning of 2010 as demand, drive n primarily by developing countries undergoing rises in per capita incomes and population growth, outpaced supply. Reduced global inventories added to the price volatility, which was exacerbated by a high number of severe weather events. In the summer of 2010, droughts followed by fires in Russia, the worlds third-largest grain producer, reduced the countrys wheat production by 25% and led the government to stop exports.The U. S.commodity market followed the same global trends into 2011 due to a cabal of factors, including droughts in key grain-producing regions, spring flooding on the Mississippi and 8 Dominos Pizza 512-004 other U. S. rivers, low stocks, increased use of corn to produce biofuels, and rapidly rising oil prices. In April 2011, corn futures prices,5 which had increased almost 90% over the previous 12 months, reached a record high of $7. 44 per bushel and for the first time in a decade surpassed the price of wheat futures on the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT).Only fou r months earlier, wheat had traded at a 31% subvention over corn. The growing use of corn for ethanol in the biofuels industry and a rise in demand for livestock feed kept demand up and prices high. 6 Other factors, such as increased demand for corn feed in China, were also blamed for sustained high prices. 11 Rising corn prices hit protein producers particularly hard. Tyson Foods, Inc. , the largest affection producer in the world, cited higher poultry feed costs for a 21% year-on-year drop in its second quarter 2011 earnings.12 From July 2010 to July 2011, the price that U. S. meat producers charged for chicken grew 4. 3% and was projected to increase another 5% by the end of 2011. Similarly, porc prices had increased 27% and both pork and chicken had reached record high prices. The trading price for milk, the primary ingredient in cheese, had escalated 56% 13 to a record high of $21. 39 per cwt (100 pounds) in July 2011,14 a price Macksood called sticker shock. Many meat and dairy producers started to include increasing amounts of wheat as a feed substit.

The sociological explanations of relationship Essay Example for Free

The sociological scores of relationship EssayAssess the sociological explanations of the relationship among tenancy and neighborly single out.The term Social Class is widely used in sociology to differentiate the population on grounds of economic considerations, such(prenominal) as inequality in terms of wealth or income. An contrast is an individuals established choice of drill which provides most of the time a steady source of income.According to Karl Marx, the passageway from feudalism to industrialization has produced a highly unequal capitalist nightspot consisting of sole(prenominal) two associatees the bourgeoisie and the confinement. The bourgeoisie atomic number 18 the property, capital owning phase. They own the means of turnout and monopolize the profits and values of industrial achievement. The proletariat atomic number 18 the landless wage workers, the mass of working people who labour for the bourgeoisie as the mode of production. Their observes ar principal(prenominal)ly to be exploited by the bourgeoisie and be made poorer, non richer, by the affable and technical advances of industrial evolution. This touch on is called pauperization.The bourgeoisie derive their class view from what Bilton et al. (1997) calls cultivable wealth. Productive wealth is wealth which generates gainal income, such as capital invested in property or stocks and shares. However, Marx argues that it is not the bourgeoisies high income which allows them to become capitalists, rather it is the fact that they own the means of production. This therefore besides makes them the repair owners of the products and their surplus, that is, the difference between the value of the labour and the value of the product of that labour.For example, Westergaard (1997), using statistics from government resources claimed that the agency of the head class, which is only 1% of the population, has grown steadily from 1979 to the late 1990s. Denationalizatio n of public enterprises ( worry British Airways and British Steel) has knockout mogul in the hands of private businesses. The power of finance capitalists comes from mass corporate assets whose strategic deployment they lead.The orbicularist, Leslie Sklair (1995) takes this melody a step further. According to Sklair, the capitalist or ruling class is increasingly exercising power in transnational relationships, that is, relationships that cut across suppose boundaries. The capitalist economy has become the basis of the global system. Thus, wealthy corporatives like Sony or Ford can exercise as much power as many nation-states. Their products and ideology are increasingly penetrating sics like the Third World market with advertise campaigns, brainwashing the masses there to accept these ideologies and products, even as they (the masses) complainingly join the ranks of the exploited.These are the main reasons why Marxists view tender class as divisive rather than integrative. They do not remember it is functional for society like the Functionalist, but they do agree it is inevitable at heart capitalist societies. However, they withal argue that there is conflict of interest between the two classes. Hence whiz day the proletariat will gain true class consciousness, become a class for itself instead of a class by itself, and overthrow the bourgeoisie. Only when this happens, and the means of production are communally owned will classes disappear. Marx for his part, refused to accommodate intercourse class in terms of such categories as argumentation, but rather in terms of a deeper understanding of property relations, project and ownership vis--vis the proletariat.There submit been many criticisms made of Marxs scheme of social class. Peter Saunders (1990) rejects the Marxist view that such a small concourse of people in society constitutes a capitalist ruling class. While he does not deny that the hundred largest companies produce much(preno minal) than half of Britains manufacturing output, and therefore are responsible for taking the bulk of the key financial and administrative decisions which influences Britains industry, he merely views such individuals as an influential economic elite.Elite theorists also accept that power is change state in the hands of a few but denies that this power comes from the wealthy. They see instead power filiation from the business organization of top jobs in society. For example, the position of Prime Minister automatically places one in the highest class and gives one power.In addition, Marxs theory fails to take into account the Middle Class. Although Marx identified the trend towards more non-manual of arms workers, he made no analysis or explanation of the influence of this group in the class structure. These workers uncomplete own the means of production nor can they be put into the proletariat. They enjoy tremendous benefits in examples, more than their manual labouring count erparts. They have greater job security, shorter hours, longer holidays, more fringe benefits, greater forward motion prospects, higher life chances, higher standards of living, less chances of cosmos convicted of criminal offences and higher incomes. For example, Westergaard and Resler (1976) install that men in full time non-manual employment in 1913-14 earned 142% of the average male wage, whereas those in manual employment earned 88%.The British sociologist, Anthony Giddeons believes that this class receives greater job benefits than the tear down class or manual workers because they possess widely recognized skills, mainly mental and normally rather functional for society, which they can exchange to the highest bidder. The sociologists, Roberts et al. (1977), interestingly discovered while conducting a study of a sample of 243 male white-hot-collar workers that quaternion personas within the gist class exist. These four images were very different views of the white-col lar workers and their position in the meat class and were affected by their callingal choices.The first image known as middle-mass was held by 22 part of the sample. This 22 percent believed themselves between a small, rich upper class and an improvised lower class. They held the view that the middle class made up the bulk of the working force, and made no feature between manual and non-manual workers, different lifestyles and images, and ideological cleavages. Most safekeeping this view were in the middle-range of incomes for white-collar workers.The contiguous image was called the compressed middle-class image and held by 19 percent of the sample. This 19 percent apothegm themselves squeezed between two groups the small upper class and an increasingly working class. They feltthreatened by two groups. Persons falling into this category were usually small business people.The third image only had 15 percent of the sample subscribing to it. This image was named the finely grad ed ladder and contained four or more strata. This image is assumed as typical middle class image and persons holding this view tended to be substantially educated with professional qualifications and received impressively high wages. They had no soul of class loyalty and rejected the whole principle of social class.The fourth image called the proletarian image received 14 percent of the sample. They considered themselves working class and having more in common with manual workers than top management and higher professionals. Those holding this view were usually in routine white-collar jobs with little possibility of promotion and received rather low wages. Roberts et al. cerebrate that whilst it is true that there are factors present for the development of middle class attitudes among the white collar workers, such wide variations in white-collar class imagery meant that the middle class was fragmented. In this case, if one is to believe Robert et al. then one can argue that an i ndividuals occupation and his/her opinion of the social term of his/her job, normally encouraged by his/ her level of income, results in what he/she deems as his/her social class, regardless of whether his/her in-person view is correctly assumed or not.However, Roberts et al. have received numerous criticisms for their work. more sociologists believe that one should never rely on subjective class images. Neo-Marxists believe that the middle class is in ingenuousness split in two with the upper part finisher to the bourgeoisie and the lower part closer to the working class. In fact, the American Neo-Marxist, Erik Olin Wright (1978) acknowledges the presence of a petty bourgeoisie and identifies the Small Employers, that is, those persons who employ another(prenominal) workers, but more than half the profit their business comes from their own labour or that of other family members. This group exists between the tiny bourgeoisie and the Bourgeoisie and make up in the USA in 1969, 6-7%. Wright also accounts the Managers and Supervisors group which is between the Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat. This group creates 30-35% of the population and is actually in a contradictory positionwithin class relations. They possess characteristics of both groups but have neither as much control over the means of production as the Bourgeoisie nor as little control as the Proletariat.Persons within this class are normally managers, supervisors, technocrats and foremen. Foremen do not have the control over the means of production or investment but they do have minimal control over the means of production or over the labour of others. Finally, there are the Semi-autonomous wage-earners which consist of 5-11% of the population and are situated between the Proletariat and the Petty bourgeoisie. They have some control over how they work, how they produce and what they produce and hence have minimal control over the means of production. Wright uses as an example, professors in eli te universities. According to him, the Bourgeoisie only took up 1-2% of the population. Marxists such as Harry Braverman, struggling to explain what Marxs doctrine does not, goes as far as to say that increasingly more members of the lower middle class are becoming part of the working class because many of them earn less than many manual workers. This process is called proletarianization. Marxists like Westergaard and Resler believe in the existence of a coherent middle class.They refer to the upper middle class as the Petty bourgeoisie. Marxists claim that while the Petty bourgeoisie does not own the means of production, they are firm believers in the ruling classs values and usually have power over working class members. Marshall et al. (1988) criticises both Robert et al.s study and the Marxists theory. Instead, they point to Webers work on social class which they claim is a valuable explanation for the very broad differences in occupational rewards and position of manual and non -manual workers, as well as allowing gradations of social position within each class grouping. Like Marx, Weber specifically believed that ownership and non-ownership of property are important in the formation of classes. However, he disagrees with Marx on just how important owning property is. Weber best-loved to determine a persons class based on their market situation, that is, their buying power in the marketplace.Neo-Weberians like John H. Goldthorpe also prefers to use market and work situation to explain the relationship between occupation and social class. For example he views the middle class as the intermediate grade Goldthorpe, 1980. The intermediate stratum possesses a very weak class identity because the range of occupations within it differsconsiderably and because its members are socially mobile. Hence, members remain only a short period before moving to a different class. Goldthorpe concluded that the middle class could not be united because they were divided into v arious strata.These can be position into two groups the service class, which hold higher and lower professionals, and the intermediate class, that is, routine non-manual workers, the self-employed and supervisors. Goldthorpe though changed his theory later. He decided that there did exist a primary division between different sections of the middle class based on employment status. Secondary divisions were based on employee relationships and this distinguishes class. Salary, increments, pension rights and career development opportunities on the other hand distinguished the service class.Savage et al. (1992) criticized both of Goldthorpes theories claiming that there existed a major division between professionals and managers in his service class. Goldthorpe admitted the next problem with his theory large employers should be place in a separate category. He explains however that the group was so small that he did not see the need to place them by themselves and accepts that this mig ht produce a small amount error. As mentioned before, Giddeons (1973) tends to see the Middle Class as those who possess educational or technical qualifications. They therefore have an advantage over the Working class and Underclass who have only their manual labour power to sell. The Underclass in particular are severely disadvantaged in that they tend to secure employment in the least desirable and most insecure jobs.Ralf Dehrendorf (1959) argues that the working class is divided into three levels the lowly manual worker, the semi-skilled manual worker and the skilled manual worker. He claims that this is due to differences in economic and prestige rewards associate to hierarchy of skill. Therefore, persons of the skilled manual workers group, such as skilled craftsmen, enjoy higher wages, more valuable fringe benefits, greater job security and higher prestige than semi-skilled and unskilled groups.In addition to this, Bilton et al. (1997) with regard to occupational labour mark ets, claim that there has been an erosion, over the past twenty to thirty years, of the traditional distinction between manual and non-manual jobs due to the expansion of the service sector. Today, white-collar jobs inoffices, retailing, repairs and servicing are so poorly paid and routinised that they are little different in terms of status and reward from traditional manual, or blue-collar work. This is especially true of those white-collar jobs which have become feminised in the sense of employing a disproportionate number of female staff.Giddeons furthers this argument, noting that women and ethnic minorities are particularly likely to be frame in the lowly paid Working class and Underclass jobs. Employers recruit women to these type of jobs partly because of social prejudice, but also because they are likely to interrupt their careers as a result of marriage and tike birth. Ethnic minorities are also the victims of discrimination and prejudice. In these cases, ones ethnic ori gin, gender and social background determines ones occupation and hence ones social class. To quote GiddeonsWhere ethnic differences serve as a disqualifying marketcapacity, such that those in the category are heavily concentratedin the lowest paid occupations, or are chronically unemployed, wemay speak of an underclass.In conclusion, occupation and social class are normally linked to one another. In most instances ones job tends to influence his place in the social strata and vice versa. Many sociologists examine how occupation and social class influence each other differently. In numerous cases they generate at even more divisions within society than previously considered. Another interesting detail to note is that various other aspects like ones ethnicity and gender actually determine ones occupation and hence ones class. While the intricacies of occupation within the Working class and the Underclass is not discussed to the degree of which they deserve, let it be noted that divis ions found within the Working class is discussed in length by W.G. Runciman(1990) and Marshall et al(1988). The basic idea being that the Working Class is even more influenced by an individuals occupation thanthe Middle class. The Underclass is considered both by Charles Murray and Ralf Dehrendorf as a sort of disease but whether they are to be blamed for their economic state or not or whether certain occupations are just considered as underclass jobs is where these two sociologists hold up in their theories.In many instances sociologists like Jan Pakulski and Malcolm Waters (1996) abandon the belief of the existence of social class and claim vigilantly that occupation cannot be influenced by some thing that does not exist. Others, such as Peter Saunders(1996) argue that the strict dictatorial ability of class is disappearing due to societies such as Britain becoming Meritocracies. Therefore, workers are not placed within strict strata because social mobility has now become easier. Instead, as the Functionalists, Talcott Parsons(1964) and Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore(1945) indicated, workers are now placed in socioeconomic order through a competitive process in which skills and abilities of different value and scarcity are carefully identified, evaluated and matched with societal needs.